巻号一覧
59 巻 (2004)
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59 巻, 1 号
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奥村 貴史2004 年 59 巻 1 号 p. 5-11
発行日: 2004/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーThe origin of modern social medicine, represented by Hygiene and Public Health, can be traced back to the European social medicines, products of their social mobilization after the Industrial Revolution. Nevertheless, mainstream current social medicines, and particularly their primal source of research methodology, US public health schools, are not, seemingly, faithful successors of the originator in their inclination toward biological reductionism and market economy. This paper, for the purpose of bridging this gap, surveys the rising of European social medicines and illustrates the history of US public health schools, clarifying their academic discontinuation in the early 20th century.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1336K) -
佐藤 元2004 年 59 巻 1 号 p. 12-22
発行日: 2004/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーSocial consensus is considered to be a necessary condition for a policy to be introduced and implemented effectively. This is the case with the approval, regulation and prohibition of certain advanced medical research and technology, especially when they could invoke moral disputes in society. Public policies on organ transplantation, definition of death, euthanasia, genetic screening and diagnosis, and human stem cell research are recent examples. The concept of consensus, however, is elusive, along with the measures to secure it. Technocratic decision making, as a paternalistic activity frequently led by experts, sometimes poses a challenge to democratic decision making, supposedly based on a well-informed and rational public. It also remains to be proved whether public involvement in policymaking can be a solution to ethical value conflicts in society.
From the perspective of policy sciences, this paper first introduces the concept of consensus, especially consensus on moral issues in pluralistic societies, and its implications to public policy, including citizen participation in decision making. Then, it briefly explains the historical background with which social consensus and public involvement have increasingly flourished in the field of technology assessments and technology policy making, including biomedical technology. Next, major institutions, governmental and nongovernmental, involved in the ethical aspects of medical research and technology, are presented along with their efforts for citizen participation. Finally, the paper discusses some of the future agendas on this issue.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2199K) -
君羅 満, 工藤 陽子, 高地 リベカ, 羽場 亮太, 渡邊 昌2004 年 59 巻 1 号 p. 23-30
発行日: 2004/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーObjectives and Methods: The associations between dietary intake and urinary excretion of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P), and the major dietary sources derived from the urinary minerals were studied in a nutritional survey of 219 Japanese females aged 27-84 years, who completed anthropometric measurements, a one-day dietary record, and a 24hr urine collection.
Results: The minerals excreted in the urine were significantly and positively correlated with each other, in which Na excretion was correlated with K and Ca excretion (r=0.490 and r=0.482, respectively, p<0.01) and Ca excretion was correlated with Mg excretion (r=0.526, p<0.01). The ratios of urinary exertion to dietary intake of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P were 81.5%, 62.7%, 24.5%, 21.7%, and 56.1%, respectively. The dietary intake and the urinary excretion of the minerals expressed per body weight (kg) were significantly and positively correlated (Na, r=0.267; K, r=0.460; Ca, r=0.181; Mg, r=0.245; P, r=0.351, p<0.01). Further examinations using chief component analysis for food intake showed several significant positive correlations, including between Na intake and the intake of vegetables, noodles, and seasonings (r=0.332-0.381, p<0.01); between K, Mg and P intake and the intake of vegetables, fruits, and potatoes (r=0.332-0.533, p<0.01); and between Ca intake and the intake of bread and dairy foods (r=0.428, p<0.01). In addition, significant positive associations were found between Na excretion and the intake of confectionaries, nuts, and seeds (r=0.223, p<0.01). Weak correlations were also found between K excretion and the intake of vegetables (r=0.296, p<0.01); between Ca and P excretion and the intake of meat, oil, and fats (r=0.135, P<0.05; r=0.193, P<0.01, respectively), and between Mg excretion and the intake of bread and dairy foods (r=0.137, P<0.05).
Conclusions: Findings from this study indicate that, while urinary excretion of Ca and Mg is unlikely to be a reliable biochemical marker of dietary intake, the levels of urinary excretion of Na, K, and P can be reflective of the intake of salt, vegetables, and meats, respectively. The urinary excretion of the minerals, particularly Na, K, and Ca, may be highly linked to salt intake in Japanese females.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1340K) -
村嶋 恵, 菊池 有利子, 野見山 哲生, 熊谷 奈美, 大前 和幸, 渡邊 昌, 赤倉スタディグループ2004 年 59 巻 1 号 p. 31-37
発行日: 2004/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーObjective: Absorption of cadmium is increased by deficiency of iron in animals, but it is uncertain that the same phenomenon occurs in humans. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between cadmium and iron in the body and to evaluate the influence of dietary habits.
Methods: Twenty-five healthy women, aged 20-23 years, were selected by excluding those with renal disease and habitual constipation. They participated in the dietary intervention study to estimate tolerable weekly intake of Cd for 3 weeks in the same dormitory. At 3 months before, at 0 Day, at the 12th Day of the study and 9 months after the study, health check-ups were performed, and Cd in the blood and urine, hemoglobin (Hb), serum iron (iron) and serum ferritin (ferritin) were measured.
Results: Cd concentration in the blood (B-Cd) showed a significant correlation with Cd concentration in the urine (U-Cd), and inverse correlation with the body iron storage, such as Hb, iron and ferritin. A food frequency questionnaire showed that no subject showed insufficient dietary intake of iron. Subjects who had eaten grain, millet and brown rice showed higher levels of B-Cd and U-Cd and low levels of Hb, iron and ferritin.
Conclusion: Absorption of Cd tended to increase according to a low level of body iron storage among healthy young women.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1026K) -
木村 直人, 伊藤 孝2004 年 59 巻 1 号 p. 38-44
発行日: 2004/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリー本研究では,健康管理の観点から,夏季及び冬季における各個人の至適速度でのジョギングが尿酸動態に如何なる影響を及ぼすかについて,血中(血清尿酸)及び尿中への尿酸排泄動態を明らかにすることを目的とした。
主な結果は以下の通りである。
1) 血中乳酸及びNH3は両季節ともジョギング終了直後に有意な上昇(p<0.05)を示しており,特に夏季の上昇が冬季の値に比べて高く,血中NH3においては有意差(p<0.05)が認められた。
2) ジョギング後において,夏季の血清尿酸値は上昇し,直後7.5±0.5mg/dlと最高値となった。特に正常域(7.5mg/dl以上)を上回るものが6名中3名認められた。さらに,それ以降は減少傾向がみられるものの5h後まで有意な高値(p<0.05)を示し,翌日の安静時(Rest2)においてもジョギング前値までの回復には至らなかった。一方,冬季の血清尿酸値では,ジョギング後に僅かな変動(上昇)は見られたものの,翌日には低下しジョギング前と同程度の値を示していた。
3) 両季節における尿酸クリアランス(CUA)は,いずれもジョギング直後及び1h後に有意な低下(p<0.05)を示していた。しかしながら,その後は上昇し,3h後には安静時レベルに回復していた。両季節間においてその変化に統計的な違いは認められなかった。また,24時間の尿中尿酸排泄量は両季節間において違いが見られず,またこの値は両季節での運動を実施していない1日の尿酸排泄量と同レベルであった。
4) 尿中oxypurines排泄量(μg/min)では,ジョギング1h及び2h後において夏季の排泄量が冬季のそれを上回っていたものの,3h後には安静時レベルに回復(低下)していた。
以上の結果から,健康の保持・増進を目的とした至適速度でのジョギングでも,季節(環境温度等)の違いによってその変動は異なっていた。特に暑熱環境下におけるジョギングの実施は,著しく血清尿酸値を上昇させる。この要因として,血中NH3や尿中oxypurines排泄量の増大などに見られる骨格筋における尿酸産生の亢進(purine nucleotide分解)が原因と思われる。したがって,運動のみならず暑熱環境も尿酸産生を相乗的に亢進させる要因であることが示唆された。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1162K) -
大道 公秀, 大道 正義, 町田 和彦2004 年 59 巻 1 号 p. 45-50
発行日: 2004/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーObjectives: The chlorination of river water in purification plants is known to produce carcinogens such as trihalomethanes (THMs). We studied the river system of the Watarase, Tone, and Edo Rivers in regard to the formation of THMs. This river system starts from the base of the Ashio copper mine and ends at Tokyo Bay. Along the rivers, there are 14 local municipalities in Gunma, Saitama, Ibaragi and Chiba Prefectures, as well as Tokyo. This area is the center of the Kanto plain and includes the main sources of water pollution from human activities. We also analyzed various chemicals in river water and tap water to clarify the status of the water environment, and we outline the problems of the water environment in the research area (Fig. 1).
Methods: Water samples were taken from 18 river sites and 42 water faucets at public facilities in 14 local municipalities. We analyzed samples for volatile organic compounds such as THMs, by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and evaluations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) were made with reference to Japanese drinking water quality standards.
Results: Concentrations of THMs in the downstream tap water samples were higher than those in the samples from the upperstream. This tendency was similar to the COD of the river water samples, but no correlation between the concentration of THMs in tap water and the COD in tap water sources was found. In tap water of local government C, trichloroethylene was detected.
Conclusions: The current findings suggest that the present water filtration plant procedures are not sufficient to remove some hazardous chemicals from the source water. Moreover, it was confirmed that the water filtration produced THMs. Also, trichloroethylene was detected from the water environment in the research area, suggesting that pollution of the water environment continues.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (758K)
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