巻号一覧
61 巻 (2006)
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61 巻, 1 号
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角田 文男2006 年 61 巻 1 号 p. 3
発行日: 2006/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (158K) -
遠山 千春2006 年 61 巻 1 号 p. 5-10
発行日: 2006/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーDioxins and related compounds are causing great concern to the public in terms of the health risk posed by exposure to these compounds in the environment. Studies in recent years have suggested that developmental effects rather than cancer or general systemic effects should be given more attention. In this review, I have summarized and discussed the unique toxicities of dioxins and related compounds on the basis of our own experimental studies as well as those of others in the following four aspects: (1) endpoints at a low dioxin dose, (2) critical sensitivity window to dioxin exposure and disruption of homeostasis, (3) arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated and AhR-independent toxicities and (4) differences in susceptibility between humans and rodents, and that between strains of identical species.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1192K) -
井口 泰泉2006 年 61 巻 1 号 p. 11-18
発行日: 2006/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーDeveloping organisms are sensitive to estrogenic chemicals. Exposure to estrogens or estrogenic chemicals during critical periods of development induces persistent changes in reproductive as well as nonreproductive organs, including persistent molecular alterations. Chemicals released into the environment potentially disrupt the endocrine system in wild animals and humans, some of which exhibit estrogenic or anti-androgenic activity by binding to estrogen or androgen receptors. Estrogen-responsive genes and critical developmental windows of various animal species, therefore, should be identified to understand the molecular basis of estrogenic activity during embryonic development. To understand molecular mechanisms of estrogenic chemicals in developing organisms, we identified estrogen-responsive genes using cDNA microarrays and a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and genes related to estrogenindependent vaginal changes in mice induced by estrogens during a critical window. We also analyzed genes in Xenopus laevis embryos related to abnormalities induced by estrogenic chemicals using cDNA microarrays. Estrogen receptors and other steroid hormone receptors were cloned in various species, including the American alligator, crocodile, Florida red-bellied turtle, Silurana tropicalis, roach, Fundulus and mosquito fish. An environmental androgen, trenbolone, was found to induce persistent changes in the gonopodium and ovotestis in mosquito fish. In Daphnia magna, juvenile hormone agonists induce the production of male offspring. Tributyltin (TBT) induces imposex in rockshell through retinoid X receptor (RXR) activation. Microarray technology is a powerful tool for understanding the molecular mechanism of receptor-mediated toxicology in various animal species. Ecotoxicogenomics is a multidisciplinary field concerned with elucidating how the entire genome is involved in the biological response of wild animals exposed to environmental toxicants and stressors. Ecotoxicogenomics combines information from studies of genomic-scale mRNA profiling by microarray analysis (transcriptomics), protein profiling (proteomics), metabolite profiling (metabolonomics) and computational models to understand the roles of gene-environment interaction in the chemical toxicity. To understand the molecular mechanism of chemicals in developing wildlife, the establishment of ecotoxicogenomics is essential in the near future.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2987K) -
現状と課題岸 玲子, 佐田 文宏, 西條 泰明, 倉橋 典絵, 加藤 静恵, 中島 そのみ, 佐々木 成子2006 年 61 巻 1 号 p. 19-31
発行日: 2006/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーMost endocrine disrupting chemicals are characterized by their properties to induce marked phenotypic changes in offspring such as congenital anomalies and neurodevelopmental dysfunctions. Although an increase in the prevalence of hypospadias or cryptorchidism has been reported in various countries, improvement in diagnostic techniques and more attention to the features of the diseases have also been emphasized. Although there have been a few reports that hypospadias or cryptorchidism had been associated with diethylstilbestrol (DES), pesticides and so on, the associations between these diseases and endocrine disrupting chemicals remain unclear. Recently, the association between maternal metabolic polymorphism or paternal smoking during pregnancy and these diseases has been reported. There are also variable clinical features in children's neurobehavioral development, and thyroid and immune functions in relation to exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins. Only a few Dutch studies have suggested that perinatal exposure to background level of PCB/dioxin confers immunity to allergy development. Genetic susceptibility to environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals may be related to adverse pregnancy outcomes. It is suggested that well-designed epidemiological studies such as prospective cohort studies should be performed to elucidate this association.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2240K) -
疫学データに基づく考察野澤 資亜利, 岩本 晃明2006 年 61 巻 1 号 p. 32-37
発行日: 2006/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーNumerous medical studies have recently focused on the adverse trends in human male reproductive health including possible decline in semen quality and increasing incidences of reproductive anomalies such as testicular cancer, cryptorchidism and hypospadias, which have been reported from many counties during past decades. We have no sufficient evidence on the basis of which we could determine whether human male reproductive health is really declining and whether endocrine disrupting chemicals are responsible for this observed decline. However, Skakkebaek's group has currently proposed a hypothesis that the male reproductive problems are symptoms of one underlying entity, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), which may be increasingly common due to adverse environmental influences. According to this hypothesis, TDS is a result of the disruption of embryonal programming and gonadal development during the fetal stage and the recent rise in the prevalence of TDS may be causally linked to endocrine disrupting chemicals affecting genetically susceptible individuals. This review aims to give a brief overview of the suspected adverse trend in human male reproductive health and current data associated with TDS.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1205K) -
メッセージバナーを用いた階段使用促進野村 卓生, 榎 勇人, 岡崎 里南, 佐藤 厚2006 年 61 巻 1 号 p. 38-43
発行日: 2006/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーObjective: To test the effectiveness of stair-use banners in encouraging the use of stairs instead of escalators.
Design: Observational survey with prompted banners.
Participants: Shoppers and a few employees.
Methods: The use of the escalator and adjacent stair was monitored in a department store in Kochi City, Japan. Participants were coded for gender, age, and presence of hand bags. A 2 week baseline period was followed by a 4-week intervention using motivating messages on the stair-use banners. Follow-up data were also collected for 1 week after the removal of the banners 2 weeks later. The details of the study were published in the Kochi newspaper (booster) on the last day of intervention in the third week.
Results: A total of 9, 834 escalator/stair-choice observations were made. The percentage of people who used the stair increased significantly from 46.0% to 51.1% during the intervention of 3-4 weeks (p<0.001). When the banners were removed, the percentage remained higher than the baseline. The booster had no effect on the stair use.
Conclusion: This intervention method is effective in encouraging physical activity among the general public.
As one method for encouraging exercise action for unspecified number of the general public, it was concluded that this intervention method was successful.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2999K) -
原口 由紀子, 尾崎 米厚, 岸本 拓治, 矢倉 紀子, 岡本 幹三, 嘉悦 明彦2006 年 61 巻 1 号 p. 44-52
発行日: 2006/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーObjectives: In this cross-sectional study, we examined the prevalence of the homebound among community-dwelling elderly people who were independent in daily living and similarity in the criteria of three measurement scales of homebound.
Methods: Of all residents aged 65 and older residing in Kishimoto town, Tottori Prefecture (n=1, 383), 1, 316 (95.2%) who were living at home participated in a baseline survey in October 2001. All the subjects were independent in daily living. They were asked to fill out a questionnaire, which was delivered to them by a member of a public committee. We examined the prevalence of the homebound using three measurement scales (capability of leaving the house independently, frequency of going outdoors, and place of daily activities) with the chi-square test.
Results: The prevalences of the homebound were 4.2% for the capability of leaving the house independently, 26.8% for the frequency of going outdoors, and 8.4% for the place of daily activities. The significant factors for the homebound were age and gender. Differences in prevalence were noted by judging the three measurement scales. In typical farming villages, the prevalence of the homebound going outdoors less than once a week was higher than that in other areas. The criteria of the three measurement scales for the homebound were not similar (Cohen's Kappa=0.13, 0.12, 0.27).
Conclusions: We considered that using three measurement scales together in the study of the prevalence of the homebound is practical. The monitoring of the rate of mortality and disabilities associated with being homebound should be continued.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1716K) -
小山 吉人, 町田 賢太郎, 片山 佳代子, 小川 奈美子, 池原 賢代, 夏 睦群, 劉 純〓, 町田 和彦2006 年 61 巻 1 号 p. 53-62
発行日: 2006/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーObjective: Oral health is very important particularly for elderly to live happily. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between lifestyle and oral health in Chinese elderly.
Methods: The subjects were 96 men (mean±SD: 70.1±4.9) and 92 women (70.7±5.4). Oral health status was evaluated according to the numbers of remaining, intact, treated, and untreated teeth and score in WHO's CPI code. By carrying out a questionnaire survey, we evaluated lifestyle factors, such as stress (SCLS), smoking habits, drinking habit, sleeping hours, sports, snack habit, and tooth brushing habit. Logistic regression analysis was used in analyzing the data.
Results: By multi-logistic regression analysis, men who smoke were more likely to have a lower CPI score than those who do not {odds ratio (OR)=4.69, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=0.79-27.89, p<.10}. Men who brush their teeth less than once a day are less likely to have a lower CPI score than those who brush their teeth more than twice a day (OR=0.33, 95% CI=0.09-1.22, p<.10). On the other hand, women who experience much stress are more likely to have a lower CPI score than women who experience little stress (OR=5.59, 95% CI=1.29-24.15, p<.05).
Conclusions: The study indicated that smoking may affect oral health conditions in men, whereas stress may affect oral health conditions in women. The reduction in stress and abstinence from smoking are important in maintaining good oral health in Chinese elderly.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2512K) -
清水 愼, 萩原 明人, 信友 浩一2006 年 61 巻 1 号 p. 63-68
発行日: 2006/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリー本研究には次の課題がある。(1)対象者は無作為抽出ではなく,特定の学校の,特定の学年のみを対象とした。従って,得られた知見の外的妥当性に関しては,注意を要する。今後は,調査地域や対象学年を増やしたサンプル数の検討や縦断的な調査による更なる検討が必要と考えられる。(2)今回の研究では学校別の解析のみを行った。今後は学年毎に解析をおこない,学年別の変化を検討する必要があると思われる。(3)食意識の関連要因を検討するための重回帰モデルでは,ほとんどのモデルで決定係数が低かった(0.07∼0.13)(表4)。これは,取り上げた変数以外の要因が関与している可能性を示しており,今後の検討課題である。(4)生活環境に関する要因を集約するため,因子分析を用いた。しかし,一部の因子の信頼性係数(クロンバックα係数)が0.50を下回った(表1)。可能性として,サンプル数,調査時期,質問内容等に関する問題が考えられる。この点についても今後,更に検討する必要性がある。
最後に今回得られた知見は次のように要約できる。(1)青少年の「健康的な食生活」に対する解釈は,大人と同様に2因子から成っていたが,その内容は変化していた。これには青少年の食環境を取り巻く環境が影響している可能性がある。(2)「健康的な食生活」意識に関連する要因として,「食生活と食習慣」では「性別」と「運動」,「食物と栄養」では「年齢」と「性別」であった。青少年を対象とした健康的な食事に関する意識調査は今回が最初の試みであり,更に,異なる年齢層や地域における研究が必要と思われる。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1047K) -
富山県神通川流域の45∼56歳男女住民を対象とした2000-2002年調査成績青島 恵子, 加藤 輝隆, 加須屋 實2006 年 61 巻 1 号 p. 69-80
発行日: 2006/01/15
公開日: 2009/02/17
ジャーナル フリーObjective: In 2000-2002, the effects of environmental cadmium (Cd) exposure on renal tubular function were investigated in men and women born between January 1, 1946 and December 31, 1955, and living in the Cd-polluted Jinzu River basin in Toyama. It is assumed that these generations had been exposed to Cd mainly through the consumption of rice and vegetables grown locally, in contrast to older generations who had been exposed not only through the consumption of rice but also by drinking river water polluted with Cd discharged from a mine.
Methods: Morning urine specimens, self-administered questionnaires and polished rice samples consumed daily were collected from 110 men and 121 women living in the polluted area and from 48 men and 45 women living in the reference area.
Results: Urinary Cd excretion level, an indicator of Cd accumulation in the kidneys, significantly increased with increased duration (years) of residence in the Cd-polluted area in both men and women. There was no case of urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) level exceeding 1, 000μg/g Cr in either sex, in contrast to the high prevalence of β2-MGuria observed in older generations. However, urinary β2-MG and α1-MG levels were slightly but significantly increased with increased duration (years) of residence in the Cd-polluted area in women.
Conclusions: The results indicate that men and women born between 1946 and 1955 and living in the Cd-polluted Jinzu River basin had Cd accumulation in the kidneys and a slight increase in urinary lowmolecular weight protein level due to this accumulation.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2158K)
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