日本衛生学雑誌
Online ISSN : 1882-6482
Print ISSN : 0021-5082
ISSN-L : 0021-5082
66 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の18件中1~18を表示しています
受賞論文
  • ―その理論と可能性―
    酒井 敏行
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 3-12
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    In previous prevention studies, molecular targets were not intended. We then proposed the concept termed “molecular-targeting prevention” and applied it to cancer prevention. In most malignant tumors, tumor-suppressor genes, the retinoblastoma gene (RB) and/or the p53 gene are considered to be inactivated. We therefore hypothesized that RB and/or p53 might be good candidates for the molecular-targeting prevention of cancer. Interestingly, many cancer-preventive food factors were found to reactivate the lost functions of RB and/or p53 by a “gene-regulating chemoprevention” strategy. We next proposed the concept termed “combination-oriented molecular-targeting prevention”, in which only the preventive effects are synergistically enhanced. We then investigated the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-death receptor 5 (DR5) pathway as a candidate of the target, and found that many cancer-preventive food factors could enhance the pathway resulting in the synergistic apoptosis of various cancer cells. We hope that these strategies will contribute to the prevention of cancer.
  • 武林 亨
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 13-21
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    The effects of exposure to environmental chemicals, such as heavy metals and fine particulates, on cardiovascular diseases have been reported. To set a permissible exposure standard, an exposure-response relationship should be elucidated. Thus, epidemiologic evidence in relation to long-term, low-level exposure to environmental chemicals (i.e., lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, PM2.5, carbon disulfide) was reviewed. As a result, there exists a clear exposure-response relationship between exposure to lead or PM2.5 and cardiovascular diseases, but those cohort studies were carried out in the US only. From epidemiologic viewpoint, “consistency” of the observed relationship must be clarified, especially findings of a study in the Japanese population. It is well known that the distribution pattern of cardiovascular risk factors are quite different between two countries, which could modify the true relationship. This will require studies of large samples from the general Japanese population with control for potential confouders. Moreover, to detect a small effect of exposure within low-level range, random misclassification of exposure as well as that of effect must be minimized. Thus, for studies of heavy metals, sensitive biomarkers identified in toxicological studies would be applied. For PM2.5, a wide range of population samples should be covered by a national sampling network in the near future. Finally, the integration of epidemiologic and toxicological evidence would be more important for risk assessment of environmental chemicals at low exposure levels, because an exposure-response relationship from only epidemiologic observation may be unstable with a wide confidence interval around the threshold.
  • 野村 恭子
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 22-28
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    Japan now faces a serious physician shortage. After introducing the new postgraduate medical education (PGME) system and doctor-to-facility matching system, residents shifted their teaching hospitals from university hospitals to non-university hospitals. Because university hospitals had played a central role in allocating physicians to communities, the decrease in the number of physicians at university hospitals has driven this physician shortage. Japanese policymakers blame the new PGME for exacerbating this physician shortage and have tentatively agreed to reform the PGME to encourage residents to return to university hospitals. However, the PGME system should not be reformed only for political reasons; such a change requires a scientific basis. First, after the introduction of the new PGME, residents showed an improved clinical competence; therefore, it has accomplished its ultimate goal. Second, the residents’ satisfaction level in terms of the residency system and clinical skills training was significantly higher at non-university hospitals than at university hospitals. This implies that training conditions at university hospitals are not as good as at non-university hospitals, which explains the decrease in the number of physicians at university hospitals. Third, in 2009, the Japanese government increased the maximum medical school enrollment to mitigate the physician shortage. However, a simple increase does not solve the problem of physician shortage unless it also addresses the problem of physician maldistribution. Fourth, the number of females entering medicine is increasing, and women constituted 30% of newly certified physicians in 2010. In this era of physician shortage, female physicians are highly recommended as a human medical resource.
ミニ特集 第80回日本衛生学会 連携研究会:双生児医学連携研究会
  • ~エピジェネティクス時代の遺伝-環境因子の交絡研究~
    早川 和生
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 29-30
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    The importance of twin research in the field of preventive medicine is described from the viewpoint of gene-environment interaction. The recent advancements in twin research in Japan and other countries are the major topics in this paper. The historical background of the Japan Society for Twin Studies is described. The Center for Twin Research of Osaka University is also described as the first center of this kind in Japan. The advancement of epigenetic research is described as a new global trend of twin research, particularly in European countries. Other new trends in twin research in Asian countries, such as China, Indonesia, Russia, Iran, and Malaysia, are also described.
  • 大木 秀一
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 31-38
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    Family-based life course epidemiology is the approach to clarify long-term effects of accumulations and chains of biological and social risk exposures in one’s life trajectory, namely, before and during conception, infancy, childhood, young adulthood and later adult life. Both genetic and environmental factors are considered. One of the theoretical rationales is the ‘developmental origin of health and disease (DOHaD)’ hypothesis. According to this theory, the causes of adult diseases are attributed to predictive adaptive responses and biological programming or epigenetic changes during a critical period of early life. If the environment later in life after birth is different from what is predicted, a mismatch has happened, leading to the development of a disease. This theory is supported by many epidemiologic studies, animal experiments, and evolution theory of biology. Longitudinal twin-family data are very powerful and useful information in the family-based life course genetic epidemiologic study.
ミニ特集 第80回日本衛生学会 シンポジウム4:生活習慣病を標的とした分子疫学コホート研究の展望
  • 今井 博久, 塩飽 邦憲
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 39-41
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    The 80th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Hygiene was held this year in Sendai. The authors hosted a symposium entitled “Perspective for molecular epidemiologic cohort study of lifestyle-related disease,” at which four guests served as panelists. Through the courtesy of Editor-in-Chief Dr. Ohtsuki, space in the current issue has been devoted to a “mini feature” on the symposium to provide briefings by two panelists, Dr. Kurokawa and Dr. Hata. Here, the authors provide an introduction to the briefings, describe the current status of research and state their expectations for the future.
  • ~β3アドレナリン受容体遺伝子変異とBody Mass Indexに着目して~
    黒川 修行
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 42-46
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    The beta3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is a part of the adrenergic system, which is known to play a key role in energy metabolism. The relationship between the Trp64Arg variant of ADRB3 and body mass index (BMI) has been widely examined; however, the results of these studies have been inconsistent. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of the relationship between an ADRB3 variant and BMI in 2008. Our results suggested that the Trp64Arg variant of ADRB3 was associated with BMI in East Asians, but not Europeans. Additionally, our report showed the importance of meta-analyses in the field of genetic association studies for common traits. In 1995, Yoshida et al. reported that the Trp64Arg variant of ADRB3 was related to difficulty in weight loss. The decrease in body weight in obese subjects with the mutation was lower than that in obese subjects without the mutation following a 3 month combined low-calorie diet and exercise regimen. However, subsequent studies have yielded inconsistent results. Accordingly, further studies are needed to reliably assess and interpret gene-phenotype associations with this ADRB3 variant.
  • 秦 淳, 久保 充明, 清原 裕
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 47-52
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability, and occurs owing to a combination of multiple environmental and genetic risk factors. Although twin studies and family-based studies have suggested the existence of genetic risk factors for ischemic stroke, few candidate genes have been discovered. To identify genes for susceptibility to ischemic stroke, we performed a genome-wide association study using 52,608 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. After comparison of allele frequencies between 1,112 patients with ischemic stroke and the same number of age- and sex-matched control subjects, who were selected from among the residents of the town of Hisayama, Japan, we identified three novel candidate genes for ischemic stroke: PRKCH (protein kinase C eta (PKCη)), AGTRL1 (apelin receptor), and ARHGEF10 (Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10). In the functional analyses, we found that PKCη was expressed mainly in vascular endothelial cells and foamy macrophages in human atherosclerotic lesions, and that the kinase activity of PKCη was modified by a nonsynonymous SNP in PRKCH (rs2230500). We also clarified that functional SNPs in AGTRL1 (rs9943582) and ARHGEF10 (rs4376531) affected transcriptional activities owing to the different Sp1-binding affinities. In a 14-year follow-up cohort study of Hisayama residents, all of these SNPs were significantly associated with the development of ischemic stroke. Although the mechanisms of these genes in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke are still to be elucidated, our findings might contribute to a better understanding of ischemic stroke in the future.
ミニ特集 第80回日本衛生学会 ミニシンポジウム:胃電図と衛生学
  • 高田 宗樹, 宮尾 克
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 53
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 松浦 康之, 山本 哲也, 高田 真澄, 塩澤 友規, 高田 宗樹
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 54-63
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    In general, gastrointestinal motility tests cause pain; therefore, the establishment of noninvasive methods is desired. Noninvasive methods facilitate the measurement of motility close to the normal physiological state, can provide new findings, and may contribute to the development of associated fields. Electrogastrography (EGG) is a gastrointestinal motility test in which gastrointestinal electric activity is measured. Compared with other gastrointestinal motility measurement methods such as the gastric emptying and internal pressure measurement methods, EGG is noninvasive and allows measurement under minimum restriction; therefore, measurement for a long time is also possible. In addition, since gastrointestinal electric activity, which cannot be quantified using other methods, can be measured, EGG is applicable to the evaluation of the state of the body and pathological conditions, and may provide new findings such as those useful for the prevention of gastrointestinal dysfunction associated with various disorders. EGG is also useful for preventing disorders associated with abnormal gastrointestinal activity such as functional dyspepsia, which has been more frequently observed in recent years, and constipation, which is an extremely frequent complaint in the elderly. Thus, EGG is of marked importance in public health. However, the range of EGG utilizations and applications is still limited at present. Therefore, we outlined the measurement/analysis methods, the advantages and problems of EGG and electrogastroenterography (EGEG), described their clinical importance, and also commented on forefront studies on EGG and evaluated its prospects.
  • 高田 真澄, 山本 哲也, 高田 宗樹, 横山 清子, 宮尾 克, 松浦 康之
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 64-70
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    Objectives: To establish a method for the development of a mathematical model of autonomic activity in gastrointestinal movements and to basically evaluate of the application of the nonlinear analysis method to electrogastrography, we performed feature extraction of electrogastrographic changes in healthy elderly and gastrectomized subjects.
    Methods: The subjects consisted of 9 healthy elderly males and 3 elderly males without constipation who had undergone resection of 2/3 of the stomach. Electrogastrograms were obtained in a sitting position for 30 minutes and in a supine position for 90 minutes. Spectrum analyses of electrographic time series, the maximum Lyapunov exponent for the evaluation of the chaos of dynamic systems forming time series, and translation error for the evaluation of the smoothness of the attractor orbit were performed.
    Results: The maximum Lyapunov exponent was a positive number in all analysis intervals in all subjects. This suggests the irregularity of electrogastrograms in gastrectomized subjects. The translation error in the gastrectomized subjects was higher than that in the healthy elderly subjects, showing irregularity. However, as a result of spectrum analysis, gastric electric activity was predominant on electrogastrograms of the healthy elderly subjects, but intestinal electric activity was predominant in the gastrectomized subjects.
    Conclusions: Differentiation between healthy and gastrectomized elderly people is difficult using only one of the spectrum analysis methods, the maximum Lyapunov exponent, or the translation error. However, since the extracted features differed among the 3 analysis methods, differentiation and diagnosis may be possible using a combination of these methods.
  • 山本 哲也, 松浦 康之, 高田 宗樹, 岩瀬 敏, 菅屋 潤壹
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 71-76
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    Objectives: Constipation affects as many as 26% of elderly men and 34% of elderly women and is a problem that has been related to a diminished quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of aging on electrogastrograms (EGGs). On the basis of the EGGs of elderly individuals, the effect of hot stupe application on the epigastrium was also evaluated.
    Methods: The first group included 14 healthy, young participants (age, 20–25 years) and the second group comprised 14 healthy, elderly participants (age, 65–76 years). EGGs were obtained for the first 30 min in a sitting position and for the next period (> 150 min) in a supine position. A hot stupe was placed on the epigastrium of each elderly patient 90 min after the postural change. We evaluated EGGs by spectral analysis and nonlinear analysis.
    Results: On comparing the gastrointestinal electrical activity of the elderly group with that of the young group, the activity in the former revealed an overall decrease. With hot stupe application, translation error in the elderly individuals was significantly larger than that without hot stupe application (p < 0.01). We also observed a gender-specific characteristic, wherein the gastrointestinal motility of the young women was likely only influenced by postural change. Moreover, the translation error in the EGGs of the elderly individuals increased during hot stupe heating.
    Conclusions: This increase in the translation error suggests that the electrical synergy between the stomach and intestine could be enhanced by the application of a hot stupe. Our findings also indicated that hot stupe application on the epigastrium was effective for improving gastrointestinal motility in elderly individuals.
シリーズ 第80回日本衛生学会 宇宙医学連携研究会『宇宙医学分野に寄与する衛生学研究』
  • 槇村 浩一, 佐藤 一朗, 杉田 隆, 山崎 丘
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 77-82
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    It is important to promote microbiological research essential for long-term manned space activities under microgravity and in a completely closed environment in space craft in relation to long-duration space expeditions on the International Space Station (ISS) or to the moon and Mars in the future. Environmental monitoring data from the space shuttle, the Mir, and the ISS have already shown that microorganisms isolated from air and on inner surfaces of space craft were generally carried by crew members. The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) “KIBO” was attached to the ISS and started its operation from 2008. It is an invaluable opportunity to begin the survey of the transition of microbiota, particularly fungal biota, in JEM from “brand-new” to “well-used” condition at various periods. Therefore, we are preparing the on-board analyzing systems for microbiota in air and on inner surfaces of ISS/JEM and normal microbiota of the astronauts themselves. In this paper, we introduce the current status and future plans on fungal research on ISS/JEM to protect flight crew members and flight hardware from potentially hazardous microorganisms from the environmental and biomedical aspects of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
総説
  • 宮田 裕章, 大久保 豪, 吉江 悟, 甲斐 一郎
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 83-94
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    Debate about the relationship between quantitative and qualitative paradigms is often muddled and confusing and the clutter of terms and arguments has resulted in the concepts becoming obscure and unrecognizable. In this study we conducted content analysis regarding evaluation methods of qualitative healthcare research. We extracted descriptions on four types of evaluation paradigm (validity/credibility, reliability/credibility, objectivity/confirmability, and generalizability/transferability), and classified them into subcategories. In quantitative research, there has been many evaluation methods based on qualitative paradigms, and vice versa. Thus, it might not be useful to consider evaluation methods of qualitative paradigm are isolated from those of quantitative methods. Choosing practical evaluation methods based on the situation and prior conditions of each study is an important approach for researchers.
原著
  • ―「環境と子どもの健康に関する北海道研究」―
    金澤 文子, 宮下 ちひろ, 岡田 惠美子, 小林 澄貴, 鷲野 孝揚, 湯浅 資之, 佐々木 成子, 吉岡 英治, 水谷 太, 苣木 洋一 ...
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 95-107
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the levels of exposure to persistent organochlorine pesticides in pregnant women in Hokkaido.
    Methods: Whole-blood samples were obtained from 70 pregnant women aged 17 to 39 years in Hokkaido and analyzed to quantify 29 organochlorine pesticides by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry.
    Results: Among 29 target compounds, 20 were detected in the whole-blood samples. Mirex, Parlar-26, and Parlar-50, which have never been used in Japan, were identified in all samples, as well as 11 compounds that have been used in Japan. Log-transformed concentrations of compounds with detection rates above 60% linearly correlated with each other (p<0.01). p,p′-DDE exhibited the highest concentration, with a geometric mean of 730 pg/g wet weight. From the results of the Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test, body weight or age was positively associated with the concentrations of several compounds.
    Conclusions: We detected 22 organochlorine pesticides including pesticides with no history of use in Japan in the whole-blood samples from pregnant women in Hokkaido. Through long-distance transport mechanisms, these pollutants may distribute widely, and further surveillance of human blood, in addition to foods and the environment, should be conducted.
  • 川端 輝江, 仲井 邦彦, 萩原 千絵, 黒川 修行, 村田 勝敬, 柳沼 梢, 佐藤 洋
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 108-114
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    Objectives: Previous data have indicated that the erythrocyte membrane may be the preferred sample type for assessing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) contents in cardiac and cerebral membranes. In this epidemiological study, we examined whether plasma phospholipids can be used for accurate biological monitoring of the LCPUFA state or whether analysis of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids is indispensable.
    Methods: (1) The analysis of LCPUFA contents in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids was conducted at baseline and after 1 and 3 days at 4°C, and 21 days at −40°C, after blood drawing, and the changes in LCPUFA content were examined. (2) The LCPUFA compositions of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids in 133 young women (18–30 years old) were examined and the relationships between the sample type and the levels of LCPUFAs were determined.
    Results: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and DHA/arachidonic acid (AA) and (EPA+DHA)/AA ratios in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids after 21 days of blood drawing significantly decreased compared with the corresponding baseline data. Regarding AA, EPA and DHA, a significant positive correlation was shown between levels of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and plasma phospholipids (AA, r=0.364; EPA, r=0.709; DHA, r=0.653). The predictive value of plasma phospholipids for determining the highest concentration quartile in erythrocyte phospholipids was better in EPA (70%) than in DHA (55%) and AA (42%).
    Conclusions: The measurement of LCPUFA content in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids is necessary for accurate biological monitoring. We also found that LCPUFA in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids is stable in cold storage (4°C) for 3 days after blood drawing.
  • 森岡 郁晴, 田渕 優奈, 高橋 侑子, 織田 侑里子, 中井 正美, 柳瀬 安芸, 渡津 千代子
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 115-121
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    Objectives: The purpose of this study was to clarify the contamination of mobile phones shared in hospital wards and its relationship with the consciousness and behavior of nurses about biological cleanliness.
    Methods: Samples from mobile phones were cultured to detect viable bacteria (n=110) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=54). A questionnaire survey was conducted on 110 nurses carrying mobile phones on the day of sampling.
    Results: Viable bacteria were detected on 79.1% of the mobile phones, whereas S. aureus was detected on 68.6%. All the nurses were aware of hand washing with water or alcohol after regular work, but 33.6% of the nurses were not conscious of hand washing with water or alcohol after using a mobile phone. There was a significant positive relationship between the frequency of using mobile phones and the number of hand washings with water or alcohol. A significant negative relationship was found between the detection of viable bacteria and the number of hand washings with alcohol. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the detection of viable bacteria was related significantly with the number of hand washings with alcohol (Odds ratio, 0.350; 95%CI, 0.143–0.857) and that the detection of S. aureus was related significantly with the frequency of using mobile phones (Odds ratio, 0.183; 95%CI, 0.036–0.933).
    Conclusions: It is important to be conscious of the fact that mobile phones shared in hospital wards are easily contaminated. Because hand washing with water or alcohol prevents the contamination of the mobile phones, nurses should take standard precautions after using mobile phones.
資料
  • 森 美穂子, 原 邦夫, 宮北 隆志, 石竹 達也
    2011 年 66 巻 1 号 p. 122-128
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/02/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    Several users of a newly built school building in a university (new building) complained about their deteriorating physical health. We measured the air quality in the new building, an old school building and atmosphere in September 2007 and February 2008. We also conducted a questionnaire survey of subjective symptoms of users in the new building in February 2008. The university administrator took some remedial actions to improve the indoor air quality after the first measurement. In September 2007, the concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in the new building were higher than those in the old building and atmosphere. Moreover, the concentrations of TVOCs exceeded the Japanese recommended guideline values. In February 2008, the concentrations of these substances in the new building were lower than the previous values. Out of the 177 users who were surveyed regarding subjective symptoms, 59 responded to the survey. In September 2007, 21 users felt that their physical health had deteriorated, while in February 2008, 12 users felt no deterioration. However, nine users still complained about the deterioration of their physical health. It was suggested that the improvement in the indoor air quality may be influenced by the decrease in room temperature. Even if the concentrations of VOCs are below the recommended guideline values, users with an enhanced sensitivity towards VOCs may lose their tolerance to low-level VOCs. Our findings suggested that a survey of the changes in the subjective symptoms of users should be conducted to evaluate the improvement in the indoor air quality of newly built buildings.
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