Many of Japanese cities rapidly changed their forms and structures through the disaster brought by the last war; and above all, the changes of castle towns were thought to be great enough to make them a particularly noticeable appearance in the history of the city development in Japan.
In this paper, Himeji City, one of the typical Japanese castle towns, is taken up and the changing process which Himeji City has undergone since the end of the last war, has been investigated with the results as follows:
1) As to the road forms, the narrow winding roads peculiar to a castle town thoroughly disappeared after the war, and modern road network has been constructed throughout the city, improving the traffic condition both inside and outside the city while giving it a new aspect.
2) At the same time, the old city plannings inherited from old feudalistic times, has collapsed; and there arose the necessity of improving the mode of administration, giving up the old town-unit system.
3) In Himeji City, at the beginning of Meiji Era, an army division was stationed and, therefore, the central part of the city was monopolized by military institutions. After Japan was defeated in the last war, however, the army disappeared and the central part of the city was reborn as a center of government, public services, city sanitation, culture and education.
4) Teramachi (Temple Quarter) was one of the quarters which gave peculiar aspects to Himeji Castle Town, but now it brings about its remarkable decline as a result of the war, disaster and the following new city-reconstruction plan which includes removal of cemetery to the suburbs.
5) In old Himeji, the institutes of finance and amusement centers had tended to be concentrated and prospered along the Saikokukaido and Miyuki-dori. But after the war, the commercial area has shown the tendency of regional division as a result of the appearance of newly opened Otemae-dori according to the reconstruction plan.
6) In Himeji, the development of industries was the motive power for the development of the urbanised area but after the war, not a few factories in the old city center were abolished and those factory sites have been used for the residential areas in many places.
7) Himeji lost about half of the houses due to the war disaster but reconstructed them again rather rapidly. Nowadays it is remarkable that civilian, not governmental, residences are made annually in great number, and recently there is a tendency that the residential area is spreading to the surrounding farm lands and mountainous regions of the city.

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The agriculture in Japan is chiefly the rice growing one.
We have thought that the other crops except rice are subordinate and subsidiary, accordingly the commercial agriculture has been nothing but taken into the agricultural management as a part of multiple operation. Above all the sericulture has the typical formation.
Then the sericulture was main-stay of the agricultural administration with the cultivation of rice in the first stage of this century, but after that it has declined with the variation of the economical and political circumstances in the internal and external of the state.
This article deals with the problem that the mulberry fields have been changed into the paddy fields on the process of variation in the regional structure of sericulture, and investigates the relation that the sericulture and the cultivation of rice are in a body and the former is subordinate to the latter.
The contents are as follows:
1) In former times the center of the distribution of mulberry fields is in Awa county and the western region of Itano county on the Yoshino northern basin. However, according to the completion of Awa Irrigation System the many mulberry fields have been turned into the paddy fields for these ten years, and the area of mulberry fields is the largest on Mima in the west adjoining county. Nowadays the fields have remained collectively in the area outside the irrigated land such as the piedmont of north side of a main irrigation line, the apices of alluvial fans, old flood plain and Zennyuzi Island. We cannot see the groups of the mulberry fields on the alluvial fan.
At present the fields which lie scattered on the irrigation area are the places that cannot be changed into paddy fields topographically and agronomically and by the circumstances of the farmer.
2) Since the end of 19c. we have seen the change, the fields of indigo→mulberry fields→paddy fields, on the principal utilization of arable lands in the Yoshino central basin and the vicissitued has corresponded to the development of irrigation means.
Formerly the regions which were confirmed droughty lands had been irrigated by mountain streams, irrigation ponds, wells, springs and pump well and paddy fields were fewer than the upland fields, but after the completion of Awa Irrigation System in 1955 the fields have increased, consequently the percentage of the paddy fields and the upland fields have reversed. The change from the upland fields to the paddy fields has progressed markedly in the area outside the irrigated land, because of the increase of underground water and irrigation water by the decrease of the farmers who utilize the old irrigation systems. Then the conversion of mulberry fields is being promoted by the injury owing to the use of agricultural chemicals in paddy fields.
3) Since the inauguration of Awa Irrigation System we have attended to the increase of the rate of the mulberry fields in the alluvial lowland (including the Zennyuzi Island) contrary to the decrease of the fields on the alluvial fans.
Particularly in the Zennyuzi Island the fields planted newly are increasing owing to the purchase of the right of cultivation (the island is state-owned). Nowadays on the island there is the greatest group of the mulberry fields in the Yoshino basin. With the increase of the fields in the alluvial lowland the shifts of the management in sericulture, e.g. the magnification of the scale of the mulberry fields per a farmer, the development of the saving of trouble, the increase of the quantity of the breeding in summer and the addition of the dimension in a kind of Ichinose, are in progress.
4) On the analysis as to the labor of productive construction of the paddy and sericulture, the trouble is the most overweight on the sericulture, in spring and summer, and it is avoided by the apportionment of the both labor forces.

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The paper is on the transfigurations of the nomadic area in the north-western China.
In Sinkiang Uighur Aut. Region, there are four grazing types in accordance with the movement of a herd of sheep: Summer-Spring and Autumn-Winter type, Summer and Autumn-Winter and Spring type, Spring-Summer-Autumn-Winter type, and the whole year type.
In either case, there have been difficult problems to the arable land from old. Through the relation between grazing land and farm land, it raises the question in nomadic people and farming people. In other words, it is the problem between the minority and the Chinese (Han).
In Inner Mongolian Aut. Region, now they are working out a solution to the problem in combining farming and cattle-breeding and formed a new method. With due regard to the physical condition, racial traits, and historical back-ground, they are trying the rational redistribution of the inhabitants nomads come to in the farming, and the farmers in the area also practice their stock-breeding. The formers were settled by degrees, and the latters stopped extending their firm land thoughtlessly. And then cold relations between stock-breeder and the farmers are beginning to melt away.
In this way, now, both stock-breeders and farmers are going out of a precarious life, based on the self-sufficiency. And under the guidance of the present central government, they are gradually having a close contacts with their national economy.

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