人文地理
Online ISSN : 1883-4086
Print ISSN : 0018-7216
ISSN-L : 0018-7216
27 巻, 6 号
選択された号の論文の5件中1~5を表示しています
  • 坂口 慶治
    1975 年 27 巻 6 号 p. 579-610
    発行日: 1975/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    This is a comparative study, from a micro-geographical viewpoint, on the village desertion process pattern in the case of two small hamlets-Ogose and Ohmi-in the mountainous tracts of Kyoto City (commonly called the Kitayama district), only 20km north of the center of the city. The examination has been made chiefly in terms of the change in the number of the households in each village that has taken place during the period of more than a century since the early years of the Meiji era.
    The two hamlets, now deserted and completely extinct, were located in the northern part of Kyoto City, on the eastern edge of the Tamba highland, topographycally a pene-plain, from which the Ado River rises and flows down into the Lake Biwa, the lagest in Japan. A chain of passes lie between the Kyoto basin and these villages.
    Ogose was situated at the altitude of 660m. above sea level and Ohmi 610m., they were among the highest of all the mountain villages in the Tamba highland. The average temperature is 0.2°C. in January and 25.8°C. in August, those settlements are colder by 7°C. than the Kyoto basin. As to the transportation, there are only two narrow motorable roads leading to the center of Kyoto, both in an extremely bad condition. It is a two or three hours' trudge to the nearest bus-stop.
    In 1885 the two villages had 15 households each, and after World War II there existed 7 in Ogose and 19 in Ohmi. However, a series of village desertion of the whole household type began in Ogose in 1969 and in Ohmi in 1971, and continued, until the former finally reached a state of complete desertion and extinction in 1972 and the latter in 1973.
    The difference in the number of households prior to this incident simply reflects the difference of population inflow from outside and branch families; in 1965 the household that had continued to exist ever since the time preceding 1885 untill the day of desertion was 5 in Ogose and 6 in Ohmi.
    The processes of desertion of settlement can be divided into three stages: the Meiji, the Taisho, and the Showa periods.
    (1) The Meiji period: 6 households in Ogose and 11 in Ohmi deserted their villages and half of them moved into Kyoto. The social status of the villagers who left their home was the lowest and they had to call themselves “drop-outs”. The ‘absorption power’ of the big city in those days was not yet great enough. Compared to Ohmi, Ogose remained more stable, as it was located further away from the city. It can be said that they were economically subject to Kyoto through charcoal business, whereas culturally they were still under the influence of the lake district with its long, deep-rooted tradition from the Edo period; Ogose rather thrived as a transit place, commercially and culturally.
    At the close of the Meiji there emerged a new transportation means of raft along a branch of the Ado River to carry out charcoal, which had made them involved in the big Kyoto culture area; Ogose was reduced to an unimportant position placed at the furthest edge of the great cultural and economic sphere of Kyoto.
    (2) The Taisho period: 6 households deserted each village (totaling 12), and 9 out of those moved into Kyoto. The group included a small number of what may be called positive job change type of desertion by the upper class villagers, but the majority were of the bankrupt type of desertion. This penomenon relates to the cultural and economic expansion of Kyoto, and its urbanizational effects were also felt upon those mountain villages.
    (3) The Showa period (up to 1965): the impact of Japan's social and economic disturbances was great to those hamlet and the ‘absorption power’ of Kyoto for some time seemed to cease and become less great. An epoch-making huge demand for charcoal and timber checked the trend of the outflowing of village populations.
  • 山本 正三, 田林 明
    1975 年 27 巻 6 号 p. 611-637
    発行日: 1975/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    Part-time farmers (farming families who devote themselves to both farming and side business) have been increasing in number in recent rural regions, and a “Worker-Peasants” phenomenon (Clout, H.D., Rural Geography, pp. 43-81, Oxford, 1972) can be observed in many parts of Japan. The side business has often become important even to define or limit the farm management. In a countryside of this kind real regional characters can not be revealed by an examination of farming activities only. It is therefore necessary to make a different geographical approach to the rural area, including a study of side jobs as well as farming activities. Considering this point, the present writers pay attention in this paper, to the employment structure of farming population, a combination of economic activities in which members of farming families are engaged. Therefore, a discussion will be centered on the processes how the present rural region is being transformed (or evolved) into another by analyzing the general situation of employment of the farming families in the region.
    The study area, Urayamashin, is a village located on the Kurobe Alluvial Fan in the Toyama Plain of Central Japan facing the Japan Sea (Fig. 1). From 1964 to 1970, land consolidation was in progress in this area, and it could be concluded that this land improvement work has accelerated the transformation of this rural region. In this connection, a sample survey of a village where land consolidation has already been finished was done since processes of transformation can be explained relatively easily through the writers' observation during a rather short period.
    Around 1965, most of the farming families of Urayamashin attached importance to farming activities, which were sometimes a combination of rice and tulip farming and sometimes that of rice and dairy farming. Besides, farmers were engaged in construction work for the season free from farming either in areas near or far away from home for long (Table. 3). Even at that time, the farmers' sons rarely farmed, but commonly found employment in cities and worked as commuters. With the development of land consolidation, size of fields was enlarged, irrigation and drainage canals paths in the fields were improved (Figs. 2 and 3). Various kinds of machines began to be used for rice production. The mechanization and cooperative work of rice farming provided labour surplus, but it was devoted not to other farming activities such as dairy farming and tulip and vegetable growing, but to employment in manufacturing and tertiary activities which have been introduced into the Kurobe Alluvial Fan since about 1965 (Fig. 4). Today, not only farmers' successors but also the head of a family and his wife go out to urban and factory jobs, yet continue to work their farms in the evenings, over weekends, and during annual holidays from factory (Table 4). Worker-Peasants undoubtedly gain higher incomes than could be derived either from just farming or from industrial work. The extra income might be used to improve the family's living conditions or to purchase farming equipment.
    Based on this study of analyzing the employment structure of farming family, an experiential and tentative classification of rural areas of the Toyama Plain is formulated. As a result, the plain can be divided into the following five regions. In A region part-time farming, the head of a family and often other members participating in non-agricultural pursuits, is dominant throughout this region. The farmers keep their fields in expectation of higher value of land. In B region the members of farming family have just begun to commute to urban industrial jobs. Side business of farmers' wives is not so stable as those in A region. In C region farming families still regard farming activities as important.
  • 社会地区分析から因子生態研究へ
    森川 洋
    1975 年 27 巻 6 号 p. 638-666
    発行日: 1975/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 産地におけるキクの作型分化を中心に
    西田 博嘉
    1975 年 27 巻 6 号 p. 667-680
    発行日: 1975/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 1975 年 27 巻 6 号 p. 680-663
    発行日: 1975/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
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