1. The frame of glasses manufacturing in Sabae city, Fukui prefecture, has developed since about 1900, and now the amount of its production accounts for 90% of all in Japan.
The object of this paper is to clarify the basis of the development of the frame of glasses manufacturing located in rural area in Sabae city.
2. In this study, four hamlets in rural area are chosen to analyze the process of the spatial diffusion of the techniques of manufacturing of the frame of glasses and the conditions of farmer's perception of it.
3. The results obtained are as follows;
(1) The frame of glasses manufacturing in Sabae city began under the guidance of the makers in Osaka in Meiji era, but they did not be controlled by them. Then, the manufacturing of the frame and glasses in Sabae city has been supported by themselves, and so the basis for the production and its market system has established before the war II.
(2) The process of the development of the frame of glasses manufacturing in Sabae city has depended upon the increase of makers, in which the areal dispersion of makers was formed from the place of original maker to the places of makers who were almost the side business of farming in surrounding area, connected with the traditional communities.
(3) The area of the frame of glasses manufucturing has formed increasingly and it had divided into two different districts from the view point of the type of its goods, the number of labourers and the process of production. One district locates in rural paddy fields area, which is charactered by the large scale products of sun-glasses and celluloid frame for export and they are manufactured by division of labour. The other locates in rural mountaineous area, eastern part of the former district, which is charactered by the products for our country and by family labours.
(4) The spatial diffusion of frame and glasses manufacturing has been supported by the small scale farmers instead of the decrease of production of peddling, charcoalmakers and lacquer which had been produced as subsidary buisiness in the winter season, while lacquer and textile manufacturing had developed in the same area and period, but frame of glasses manufacturing was perceived by another worker classes, so the frame of glasses manufacturing had not been influenced from those manufacturing.
(5) In rural mountaineous district, the space of the expansion of frame and glasses manufacturing had provided by the traditional communities, and in rural paddy fields district, by the immigrated men who were soldiers and lived in foreign countries from the outside of Sabae city after the war II, and later by the farmers in the same district as their subsidary business.
Thus, the first conditions between two districts were same, but later, the different type of production has been caused by the different workers class and method of production.
So, the distribution of manufacturers of frame of glasses has located in the small district of Sabae city, provided by the spatial continued frame of traditional communities.

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We can show the following about our theme.
Our study about the urban land value gradients means that we try to look for the essence on the formation of urban land values. And through the trial we can make clear the formative factors of land values. We think that at the same time it becomes an effective way for explaining the regional characteristics or structures of the city.
There are three questions raised as to the old studies on the urban land value gradients. The first question is that they have been so wedded to Thünen's theory that they have mostly used the deductive methods. The objective circumstances concerning cities have greatly changed lately. More, we could know the fact which the residential land value gradient of Tôkyô Metropolitan Area fell drawing the concaved curve toward the suburbs recently. But, only such deductive methods are not enough in the explanation for this tendency, too. Accordingly we need to investigate the actual land prices, and make up the microscopic distribution maps of land prices. Thus we should look for a new formative theory on urban land prices without adhering to the old concepts through examining the conditions synthetically and analytically.
The second question is that most urban land values have the aspect that they show the concentric zone structures in general. It is certain that the deductive considerations based on the premise of an idea of Thünen's circles can be useful in the macroscopic analysis. But, his theory is disregarded in regional characteristics. Therefore by using the way alone, we can't (merely) explain the regional differences on the fluctuations of the actual land prices in the city from the reality of the concentric zone structures or the land price gradients. Thus we can clear up the formative factors of the actual land prices in each region through analyzing the conditions accurately.
The third one is that in most of the old studies they have thought the fluctuations of the agricultural land values (or rents) as a basis of the level of the urban land values (or rents). Moreover, they have thought that the agricultural land values are decided by the land productivity and competitive crops. We have some doubt about such points through investigating the reality in Tôkyô Metropolitan Area.
In a nutshell, it is thought that the former studies have taken the problem up from a side notwithstanding being supposed to have the complicated factors on the formation of urban land values nowadays. Therefore, after this we need to take it up in many sided using together the macroscopic and microscopic, synthetic and analytic, or deductive and inductive methods.

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About sixty-four per cent of the existing incorporated places in Georgia have circular or arcuate corporate limits. The use of the circular boundary first appeared in northeastern Georgia in the first decade of the nineteenth century. It spread into middle Georgia, western and southern Georgia during the nineteenth century along with population expansion into these areas. The present distribution pattern of the circular and arcuate places was almost completely established by 1920.
By 1830, all circular places were located in the Piedmont and they were separated by no more than two intervening counties. These places defined the courthouses as the center of the circular limits. Between 1831 and 1860, circular places spread into the western Piedmont, northwestern and western Georgia. This pattern shows outward spread from northeastern Georgia. Circular boundaries became common among municipalities in the Piedmont. Courthouses accounted for more than fifty per cent of the center points of the circular limits.
Between 1861 and 1890, the adoption rate of a circular boundary reached to ninety per cent. Circular places expanded into western Georgia and the Coastal Plain. This process, too, was outward expansion of adoption of circular boundaries. The adoption of circular limits, however, was characterized by small local places. Since Georgia had small minimum population requirement for incorporation, many small places were incorporated during this period. The main function of these places was a commercial center. A small town consisted of a compact commercial core and surrounding residential areas. The length of a radius of a circular limit was arbitrarily set so as to encompass built-up areas and outlying areas. This simple method of fixing a boundary was widely used throughout Georgia between 1861 and 1890.
Between 1891 and 1920, circular places spread into the Coastal Plain along with the creation of towns in expanding agricultural lands. As circular boundaries were adopted by local places throughout Georgia, center points of the boundaries were diversified. Between 1861 and 1890, railroad stations were predominant in the central points. After 1891, the use of intersections of major roads, and specified stores as centers of circular limits increased.
The use of the circular boundary appears to have been very efficient for small municipalities because circular limits were described only in terms of a fixed center point and arbitrary length of radius without actual field survey.

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