In recent years, the suburbanization of retail activities in the metropolitan area has made rapid progress. The supermarket (super) is one of the main facilities in this trend. The aim of the present article is to examine the growth, location and trade area of the super. The results are as follows.
(i) Since the 1960's, the establishment of the supers has proceeded, and especially in the 1970's the supers have increased remarkably. With the growth in number, a change has come in the quality of the stores. The number of tenants, kinds of goods and parking lots which the stores hold have increased.
(ii) The establishment of the supers has been expanded from the metropolis to the suburban area in accordance with the population growth. When supers are expanded, the sites of the store location are mainly classified into three phases: from “intra-shopping districts” to “railway station and its surroundings” and then to “street-oriented”.
(iii) The distribution of the supers corresponds to the structure of the metropolitan area and its urbanization. In the metropolis and its built-up area, the middle-sized stores (floor space 1, 000-3, 000m²) are higher in location quotient, and the large agglomeration of stores can be found in the intra-shopping districts along the railway stations on the urban fringe. The greatest number of supers are located in the suburbs among the metropolitan areas. The types of store location are varied. Among them, is the new one which increased in 1970's, the street-oriented type with a large parking lot detached from the existing retail facilities. In the metropolitan fringes the establishment of the stores is less in number than in the two areas just mentioned above in accordance with the smaller population growth. But the changing pattern of the store locations can be recognized in this area too.
(iv) Generally, the trade area of the supers is composed of two areas in view of the consumers' behavior. The primary trade area is the one supported by the consumers who do their shopping at the store each day. The secondary trade area is the one supported by the consumers doing their shopping once per week or less. In addition, in the case of SC type stores (street-oriented location) their trading range on holidays is broader than that of week days, being supported by the consumers who come to the store in their own cars.

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The Ina River Basin, situated in the northwestern suburbs of Osaka City, has been actively developed for residential area and golf links. The purpose of this paper is to clarify what effects development in this basin has on the water quality and the run-off of the Ina River.
By the way, in this paper an index of such development is calculated by the following equations which were proposed by Masami Ichikawa.Lm=Σaili/Σai (1)Lf=Lm/Lw (2)where Lm is the mean distance from the centers of the impervious areas to the stream guaging station, ai is the area of the i-th impervious land surface, li is the distance from the i-th impervious area to the guaging station. And Lf is the factor of the length of the impervious areas, Lw is the longest straight distance along the stream.
The writer calculates another index of development with the following equation. It is considered that the phenomenon that the longer the distance from the developed areas to the guaging station is, the less the effect of them appears in it.Ld=Σai/li (3) where Ld is the index of development, ai and li is similar to those of the (1) equation.
When the said equation is used, its object is only residential areas and golf links, which are under development every year and not the achieved ones. Its reason is that there is a tendency that the annual run-off ratio increases when development of the residential area and others is under development in the Ina River Basin, and it decreases after achievement of development.
The results of this research can be summerized as follows:
1) Run-off
a) When the writer correlated the annual run-off ratio with the two indexes of development in the Oi subdrainage basin which are multiplied by the standard deviation of the monthly precipitation every year, it became clear that the index, dealed with development of the golf links and the residential area. This shows that development of the golf links is the important factor which alters the annual run-off ratio. In the writer's opinion, the increase of the run-off ratio was caused by a decrease of the interception by lumbering the trees and that of the infiltration by the denudation of the surface soil, both of which were connected with development of the golf links. But with the completion of the golf links, the flatness of the hill and the partial recorvery of the vegitation by replanting the lawn will increase the temporary storage, and eventually decrease the run-off ratio.
b) Though the writer also tried to confirm the effect which development had on the annual run-off ratio in the Gunkobashi subdrainage basin with the similar method to that in the Oi subdrainage basin, he couldn't obtain the nice result. But it is thought that an increase of the annual run-off ratio for three years (1969-71) was doubtlessly caused by the residential area in this subdrainage basin which was remarkably developed at that time.
c) When the writer correlated the rising ratio of the hourly water-level, which was calculated by quantifying the variation of the water-level at Gunkobashi, with the indexes (Lf, Ld) of development, which was calculated every year, he could obtain the high coefficients of correlation, 0.9106 (Lf) and 0.8693 (Ld). This shows that the variation of the hourly water-level is closely connected with development.
d) The peak water-level before development appeared at first at Obe of the upper stream and next at Gunkobashi of the lower stream, but after development it appeared at first at Gunkobashi and next at Obe. It seems that this sight of the peak water-level was a result of development of the residential area, but the direct causuality is not clear.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the office location pattern in the city centre of Hiroshima city. The main results are summarized as follows.
Firstly, factor analysis is applied for giving a static analysis of the locational specialization tendency. Six office factors could be interpreted. They are namely, (1) Heavy-chemical industry·financial business factor (2) Judical and administration service factor (3) Business service factor (4) Public service factor (5) Light industry factor (6) Textile and toiletry industry factor Therefore it is pointed out that offices in the city centre of Hiroshima city are locational-specialized in these six groups. From the distributional tendency of the factor scores, it is found that four office groups (heavy-chemical industry·financial business, judical and administration service, business service, public service) locate closely each other, and form the core of the office location pattern in the city centre.
Secondly, by the application of cluster analysis, seven groups of office business district can be identified. They are as follows:
(A) Amusement, Hiroshima station neighborhood, peripheral district group (B) Central commercial district group (C) Transitional zone of CBD district group (D) Semi-central office district group (E) Public service district group (F) Business service district group (G) Central office distict group
Thirdly, in order to deal with the dynamic side of the office location pattern in the city centre, office migration pattern and its factors are analyzed. On the migration pattern two big migration movements of offices could be recognized, (1) From other urban area excluding the city centre and its peripheral distrist to CBD (2) From CBD to the peripheral district of CBD In the former case, migration is caused by the advantages which could be obtained in the city centre such as the convenience to attend offices, and to have business contact and the prestige. On the other hand, in the latter case migration is caused by the requirement of wider office space which is difficult to obtain in CBD.
Lastly, from the analysis of locational valuation, it is pointed out that the contact condition, the traffic condition, and the space condition are the three major locational conditions of offices in the city centre. The contact condition is the most important especially in the case of Hiroshima city, and the CBD is relatively higher than the peripheral district on all these three. It is also recognized that the districts in the analyzed region show differences in their locational condition.
In short, this paper attempts to show the office location pattern in the city centre of Hiroshima city from the static and dynamic points of view. The static point deals with the locational specialization tendency and the types of office business district. The dynamic side discusses the office migration pattern and its factors. Reference is made to the office locational condition from the analysis of locational valuation. This is the preliminary study which tries to make clear the general characteristics of office location pattern in the city centre of main Japanese cities. In future, the author will attempt to undertake case studies on the cities which have different size and nature in the static approach, and the dynamic approach will include the analysis of the relationship between the office migration pattern and office size, capital size of the firm, the assortment of head office or branch office.

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Spatial perception is the one of the most important problem to decide the behavior pattern in folk society where the people are living with nature. This paper proposes a study of spatial perception in folk society through the orientation in Yaeyama Islands, Okinawa prefecture of Japan. Yaeyama Islands is located in the southernmost part of Ryûkyû archipelago and therefore is the most southern of the whole Japanese area. These islands have been researched by many Japanese and foreign anthropologists, whose conclusions have had an important role in larger studies of Ryûkyûan culture. Using this anthropological approach, we will make clear up the indigenous concept of cosmology and find out the mode of spatial perception in this area.
Through the analysis of myth and ritual, we may observe that Yaeyama islanders employ both the relative orientation shifting 30°-45° from the cardinal points and the absolute orientation of the cardinal points indicated by the twelve earthly branches _??__??__??_ . We call the former “folk orientation” and the latter “natural orientation”. It seems to me that “folk orientation” in Yaeyama Islands has been formed by the direction of monsoon because the term of ‘the north’ and ‘the south’ in “folk orientation” is the same as the names of wind. According to the meteorological data, the winter monsoon blows from northeast and the summer monsoon blows from southwest. Then, the pair of northeast-southwest relationship in “natural orientation” coinciding with the compass, is ‘the north-south’ relationship in “folk orientation” shifting 30°-45° from “natural orientation”. As for ‘the east-west’ relationship in “folk orientation”, the same shifting process is observed. For example, in Hateruma Island, one of the Yaeyama Islands, Simazasu in the north-western part of this island is in the islanders' conception very ‘west’ and as such connected with cape Takana in the southeastern edge of this island as the very ‘east’.
On the folk village of Yaeyama Islands, these two systems of orientation are used for indicating the direction in ordinary life and make meaningful their spatial perception. For example, among the houses having three front rooms facing generally to the south of “folk orientation”, the male sides being the south and the east in “natural orientation” are superior to the female sides being the north and the west, but in religious affairs, the whole situation is reversed. Generally speaking, the pair of south-east relationship in “natural orientation” will be superior to the one of north-west relatioship. However, at the rituals on island level, cosmological concept based on a dualism that is characterized by superiority of ‘west’ and ‘female’ over ‘east’ and ‘male’, is found out. Though such value systems connected with spatial perception, are changed by the situation and the context, there are some principles formed by the indigenous concept of cosmology.
In the above, we have examined spatial perception through the orientation. Lastly I will offer some interpretations of what might be called “Uyân” as it emerges in the “pan” (ritual invocations). In a passage of “pan”, “Uyân” (the deity) is praised. It runs as follows, “yuru nu isïma-ndô pïsu nu nana-ndê pïsê ôru bûyân pïsûyân” (great Uyân, Uyân looming large, who is always present during the five hours of the night and the seven hours of the day.)

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