The purpose of this paper is to analyze spatial patterns of interregional trades and their changes by stages of distribution routes and by industries in Japan.
The data were obtained from the statistics concerning the inter-regional trades in the Census of Commerce. The statistics are composed of two substatistics: one shows total sales in wholesaling and retailing for one year by prefectures, industries, and buying sources (the table for buying sources). The other shows total sales in ones by prefectures, industries, and selling destinations (the table for selling destinations).
Five categories of industries were chosen for the objects of analysis; all wholesale, agricultural product wholesale, clothing and apparel wholesale, machinery and equipment wholesale, and all retail. These three subdivided groups of wholesale were chosen with the assumption that the spatial pattern of distribution of some goods largely depends upon the form and spatial distribution of their production and consumption. That is, agricultural products are dispersedly produced and consumed to a small amount in respective areas, while machines and equipments are concentratedly produced to a great amount. Clothes and apparels are medium in characteristics between the agricultural products and the machines and equipments in the form and spatial distribution of the production and consumption (Table 1).
The years of analysis are 1960 (1962), 1966, 1968 and 1972. The years chosen are based upon the availability of data and changes of industrial classification in the Census of Commerce.
The procedure of analysis is as follows: firstly, values of each table of buying sources and table of selling destinations of industries chosen are divided by summation of respective total sales (excluding sales of unknown buying sources or selling destinations) for one year in the table of buying sources and table of selling destinations; secondly, 150 values are selected in order of magnitude of ratios of the values thus divided to identify the main trade routes from each table for buying sources and selling destinations; thirdly, the values selected are arranged to the format of O-D matrix (origin-destination matrix) and then mapped; forthly, quantities of changes of the above O-D matrices between the years are calculated. The changes of spatial pattern are discussed by means of mapping of the quantities thus calculated.
The findings are summarized as follows:
1) The two types of inter-regional trades are distinguished at the stage of buying by wholesalers (Fig. 2, Fig. 5); one is the region-wide trades which form regional trade areas, the eastern Japan with Tokyo as the buying center, Tokai district with Aichi, the western Japan (excluding Kyushu districct) with Osaka, and Kyushu district with Fukuoka; the other type of the inter-regional trades is the nation-wide trades mainly composed of trades between metropolitan prefectures. Trades among the three largest metropolitan prefectures (Tokyo, Osaka and Aichi) are characterized by the large volume of trades of each of those prefectures and between every set of the two prefectures. The trades between the three largest metropolitan prefectures and prefectures with regional capitals (Hokkaido, Miyagi, Hiroshima, Kagawa, and Fukuoka) are characterized by the one-direction of buying from the metropolitan prefectures to the latter prefectures. This fact indicates that regional capitals have some functions as the relaying centers in trades (Sapporo in Hokkaido, Sendai in Miyagi, Hiroshima in Hiroshima, Takamatsu in Kagawa, and Fukuoka in Fukuoka).
2) As for the stage of selling by wholesalers, seven selling areas are distinguished; Tohoku district as selling area of Miyagi, Kanto district of Tokyo, Tokai district of Aichi, Kinki district of Osaka, Chugoku district of Hiroshima, Shikoku district of Kagawa, and Kyushu district of Fukuoka (Fig. 3, Fig. 6).

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The purpose of this paper is to consider the locational process of banks in order to make clear the regional structure of the Kanto District during Meiji period.
Banks played an important role in the process of modernization in Japan. That is, they were established in the stage when industrial and commercial capitals had not yet sufficiently been accumulated. For this reason, they were merely loan offices rather than commercial banks. These loan offices or banks were closely related with local industries and had exerted their impacts on the characterization of regional structures.
For the method of the present study, the writer examined both the head offices and branches of banks and compared them for 1887, 1897, and 1907 in terms of their spatial distributions and temporal changes. In that case, a central place system as an effective framework of analysis for the regional structures was related to the locational process of banks. Now, in order to find the central place system, the writer chiefly used the data of number of merchants as of 1907. As population size of urban centers showed only slight change in general for the period 1868-1907, so the data for 1907 might stand good for the remaining years of the period.
The results obtained are summarized as follows: There existed various types of locational process of banks due to special circumstances in the advancement of capitalism in Japan and also to differences of regional conditions.
1) The heierarchical effect of urban centers was observed on the locational process of banks in Japan during Meiji period, although it was not always remarkably recognizable. That is, the location of head offices of banks and their branches tended to begin with the higher order of places and then with the lower order of places. But, both the vicinity of Tokyo and Yokohama and such central places with special functions as hot spring towns, port towns, mining and industrial towns, and so on, showed time lag in the locational process of banks as compared with that of the same order of places in other areas.
2) Those banks are classified into three groups on the basis of their characteristics, each of which shows different locational process from others. The first group, national banks were established mainly by former-samurais in urban centers that were formerly castle-towns, gradually grew in competition with other private banks and expanded their spheres of inluence. The second group, branches of small local banks were established by rich landowners and merchants in localized areas in various places throughout the Kanto district. Though rises and falls of small local banks were often repeated, a few banks grew and expanded the networks of their branches. And the third group, very large banks by the privileged merchants through Edo and Meiji periods and large merchants dealed in raw silk, were established in Tokyo and Yokohama and then developed their branches in the central cities of higher order such as prefectural seats and the textile districts.
3) Those three groups of banks mentioned above represented various locations under varied regional structures of industries. In the regions with less developed industries such as Ibaragi and Chiba prefectures, very large banks whose main offices were located in Tokyo and Yokohama established early their branches in the places of higher order and of intermediate order. As these very large banks exerted their dominant influences upon large local banks, the network of branches of the latter banks were hard to be developed. However, the branches of very large banks, which had their head offices in Tokyo and Yokohama, were established only in the central places of higher order or of intermediate order. Consequently, in the places of lower order and the lowest order, small local banks could establish their branches in their neighboring areas.

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It is said that in the Edo Era cholera prevailed in Bunsei 5 (1822), Ansei 5 (1858) and Bunkyu 2 (1862). In considering the actual substance of each epidemic from the number of the deaths recorded in the necrologies of temples, the following became clear.
1) The epidemic in Bunsei 5 was the first big incident of this in Japan. As for the invasion route of cholera to our country, although there are several opinions, it can be established that invasion came through Nagasaki.
Cholera prevailed in south-west Japan, especially in the San'in and San'yo areas, but it did not reach north-east Japan or Edo.
2) The Ansei epidemic started from Nagasaki, and became quite widespread all over the country in Ansei 5 and 6, spreading as far as Edo and Mutsu.
The Ansei 5 epidemic was the first one in Edo and it was particularly serious but as regards the country as a whole, there seem to have been more places where the epidemic broke out in Ansei 6 rather than Ansei 5.
Because there was so much recorded concerning the epidemic in Edo, it was wrongly thought to be the biggest epidemic of cholera in modern age in our country.
3) Cholera also prevailed on a great scale over the whole country in Bunkyu 2. To consider this as a continuation of the epidemic in the Ansei period is wrong, for it is established fact that in the first year of Bunkyu, matters were completely back to normal and that the epidemic in the second year of Bunkyu came in from Nagasaki and spread from there.
It is possible to say that the cholera epidemic in Bunkyu 2 was substantially the worst in the Edo Era, because it was widespread throughout the country and the number of victims was so great.
As the record of deaths in the necrologies show pronounced peaks coinciding with the sudden infection of cholera and high death rate, and as the peaks occur at different times depending on the district, it is easy to trace the infection route of cholera.
Furthermore, based on various old records of public government offices, villages and temples, we can endorse the following points concerning the prevalence of cholera at that time.
* That the invasion route of cholera started in Nagasaki.
* That the theory of the big three epidemics in Bunsei, Ansei and Bunkyu stands, rather than the theory of the big two in Bunsei and Ansei.
* That the Ansei 5 epidemic occurred in Edo only, and that as regards the whole country the theory that the worst epidemic was in Bunkyu 2 stands rather than the theory that it was in Ansei 5.

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