A city exerts influences on its surrounding areas, but its effects are discontinuously produced. They are chiefly due to the situation of the surrounding areas. The author attempted to analyze this discontinuous urbanization in a case of Osaka and its surrounding areas, during Japan's industrial revolution, from the late Meiji to the early Showa eras. Osaka is the city where the modern industry developed earliest in Japan. But, since the Edo era, rural cotton industry was prosperous in its surrounding areas, especially both in Kawachi, the district to the east and in Izumi, the district to the south of Osaka. At that time it was more prosperous in Kawachi than in Izumi. But in the Meiji era, the cotton industry developed more in Izumi.
In this period Osaka was not yet big enough to exert a strong infuluence on the surrounding areas. Economically Osaka had a close connection with towns in the surrounding areas. As towns developed earlier in Izumi, the district had a closer connection with Osaka. By establishing connection with Osaka, Izumi could develop cotton industry earlier than other areas.
Though Kawachi is situated nearer to Osaka, few towns sprang up there and it could not establish a close connection with Osaka. And so the industrial growth there was much hindered. Besides in Kawachi agricultural growth was also retarded. In the Meiji era Kawachi was behind Izumi in view of economic development.
But in the Taisho era, on account of the urban growth of Osaka, industrialization and urbanization were greatly advanced in its surrounding areas. This urbanization through expansion of urbanized areas does not matter whether many towns developed or not in the surrounding areas. Urbanization of Kawachi was one of this sort. Being situated nearer to Osaka, the number of commuters to Osaka increased in Kawachi since the Taisho era, and the industry began to develop there. On the other hand urbanization of this type was only faintly progressed in Izumi. The nature of urbanization of these two districts was different. The industrialization and urbanization were more developed in Kawachi than in Izumi. Kawachi economically reversed Izumi at this time.
The inversion, in other words the discontinuous urbanization, of Izumi and Kawachi depends on strength of influence of Osaka on the surrounding areas and on the different regional situation in the neighboring districts.

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Japanese floriculture in northern California started in the last years of the nineteenth century, greatly expanding in later years, especially in San Francisco Bay Area. The California Flower Market, Inc. of San Francisco played a centripetal role among Japanese flower growers, providing them with a market place as well as socially and culturally uniting those who had difficulties with language and a sometimes hostile social environment. This ethnicly-oriented industry, however, has experienced great changes since World War II.
The present paper is intended to describe and analyze this transition. Four factors are principally responsible: (1) The San Francisco Bay Area has been one of the most rapidly urbanizing areas of the country in recent decades and flower nurseries often stand as a last remnant of agriculture engulfed in the surge of new urban housing developments. High taxes and zoning restrictions make the survivale of nurseries more and more difficult. (2) Technological development has had a great impact on the production as well as the marketing of flowers. Innovations in transportation have been important, especially in marketing. Air and truck shipment, together with the advancement in refrigeration techniques, has made possible a major expansion of markets. Trucking especially has given the industry more mobility and it has become more efficient and profitable to grow flowers in the climatically suitable and lowest cost producing areas. Greenhouse facilities also have seen great advancement and the control of the micro-environment has become more and more efficient, making it possible to respond better to peak demands. (3) The hostile social environment of the pre-war period has changed to greater tolerance and acceptance of the Japanese. The weakening role of formal and informal mechanisms of discrimination has allowed them to participate in economic activities on an equal basis, thus diversifying their occupational opportunities. This has changed the traditional form and function of ethnic organization. (4) Cultural changes have also occured in the Japanese community itself. The later generations, i.e. American-born Japanese well assimilated into the American way-of-life and value systems, has largely eliminated the peculiar ethnic relationship in both economic and cultural activities under which Issei growers so florished.
Although the Japanese were evacuated and held in relocation centers during World War II, flower growers quickly and successfully reestablished themselves in their former business at its close. In this period of reestablishment and development, second-generation Nisei became the dominant force in the industry. Several members of the same family often collaborated in expanding the scale of their operations. Improvement and modernization of greenhouse facilities and floricultural techniques, as well as transport and infrastructure, were continuous. New ways of marketing flowers were introduced, altering the traditional function of the California Flower Market in San Francisco. Operations increased in scale, and growers increasingly took on the function of wholesalers and shippers. But the floriculture industry has been caught up in the rapid urbanization and economic transformation of the Bay Area in recent years. New nursery developments have spread to the South Bay as Oakland and the northern San Francisco Peninsula have lost their dominant position in the industry. But increasing reluctance of Sansei to continue with the family business makes the future of the industry problematic in this traditional center of Japanese floriculture.
In response to increasing taxes and the pressures of urbanization, a part of the industry leap-frogged in the mid-1960's to the Monterey Bay area. Here Post-war immigrants and Nisei from the Bay Area joined together to establish a new floricultural region.

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In Japan, the number of intra-urban migrants accounts for 40 per cent of all domestic migrants. Despite the high incidence of mobility of this pattern, it has been relatively neglected. Changes in residential locations within urban area play an important role in altering urban systems and structure. Households change residence in response to changes in the urban environment and in the patterns of their daily lives.
The purpose of this paper is to clarify the major factors which affect the intra-urban mobility in Kobe Metropolitan Area. The years of 1970 and 1975 were chosen for analysis and the step-wise multiple regression analysis was used.
In this study, velocity of movement is selected as dependent variable. By eliminating the population size of origin and destination area, this measure can be interpreted as relative degree of intensity of movement stream. The independent variables are chosen in accordance with the framework of “Robson's city structure model” which consists of three dimensions-social space, housing space and physical space-. The chosen variables are as follows.
Social Factors
1. Related household member per household
2. Ratio of white color
Housing Factors
3. Residential land value
4. Space of site
5. Location of household-accessibility to CBD-
6. Ratio of owned household
Physical Factors
7. Area of municipal park per inhabitant
8. Numbers of inhabitant per criminal
9. Ratio of commuter to Osaka prefecture
10. Population density
Other Factors
11. Time distance of migration
12. Geographical distance of migration
The analysis can thus be summarized as:
(1) The independent variables proved useful in making estimation in case of centrifugal mobility, but centripetal mobility could not be estimated enough. This seems to indicate that centripetal mobility is affected by more complex or peculiar factors.
(2) In case of centrifugal migraton, the velocity of movement was related to the housing factors. The relationships were significant on the 95 per cent level. (X3. X6)
(3) People act upon environmental factors which are population density and area of municipal park per inhabitant.
(4) The velocity of movement was related to the distance of migration, especially it was strongly influenced by geographical distance of migration. The relationships were significant on 95 per cent level in all cases. (Table 2)
(5) Mobility, especially centrifugal mobility is touched by influence of Osaka prefecture.
(6) Residual analysis shows that neighboring cases have high mobility in comparison with the other.

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