人文地理
Online ISSN : 1883-4086
Print ISSN : 0018-7216
ISSN-L : 0018-7216
33 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の7件中1~7を表示しています
  • 昭和初期の東海地方におけるラジオ聴取契約の事例
    杉浦 芳夫
    1981 年 33 巻 1 号 p. 1-22
    発行日: 1981/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential applicability of Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) to a spatial analysis of diffusion problem. Especially it aims at presenting an approach to analyze the diffusion of household innovation by using INdividual Difference SCALing (INDSCAL). As shown in the fact that there exists a spatial covariation between the opportunity to get innovation and the accessibility to information (Hanham and Brown, 1976), some of structural elements constituting a diffusion process of innovation would be spatially correlated. Factor analysis has usually been applied to such a spatial covariation problem, but it is not so much concerned with extracting the spatial structure itself. Accordingly, it is not necessarily a suitable method for the spatial diffusion study wherein both the functional and spatial perspectives are required (Semple and Brown, 1976). Moreover, existing methods devised to analyze the diffusion of household innovation, for example, the spatiotemporal logistic model or the space-time autoregression model, lay their emphases on the spatial perspective too much to meet this requirement. Now, assuming that there exists a space common to structural elements correlated spatially one another, INDSCAL seems to present an alternative method to cover both the perspectives. Its framework consists of the following procedures:
    (1) To prepare the data for structural elements, which are considered as (dis)-similarity data.
    (2) To recover a two-dimensional common space from these data by using INDS-CAL.
    (3) To apply four-variable trend surface analysis incorporating the common space and time coordinate system to the cross-sectional data for the rate of diffusion.
    Based on the analytical framework outlined above, this paper investigates the diffusion process of radio subscription in the Tokai district, mainly focusing its attention on the aspects of the spatial interaction and the occupation structure of cities. The study period is from 1929 to 1933, which corresponds to the primary stage of the diffusion. Forty-four cities are studied with more than ten thousand population and with more than two thousand households in Aichi, Gifu and Mie Prefectures as of 1930 (Fig. 2). Among those cities the radio station of Nagoya had started its service in the year of 1925. First, in order to recover a two-dimensional interaction space, the matrix of spatial interaction of cmmuting workers and students was multidimensionally scaled by using M-D-SCAL. In spite of high stress of 36%, which is not good, the configuration shows four significant city groups reflecting the sub-areal divi-sion of the three prefectures (Fig. 3). That is, the cities of the Mino area of Gifu Prefecture, the Mikawa area of Aichi Prefecture, the Ise area of Mie Prefecture and the Owari area of Aichi Prefecture form four clusters clockwise from the top right-hand quadrant in Fig. 3. Second, to get input data for M-D-SCAL to recover the occupation structure space, a dissimilarity index suggested by Johnston (1979) was calculated from the percentages by eight groups of occupational population; agriculture, fishery, mining, manufacturing industry, commerce, transportation, service and others. Fig. 4 shows a two-dimensional solution of the occupation structure space, whose stress is as good as 4%. An application of non-metric hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the first dimension was interpreted as representing the contrast of occupation structure such as agriculture versus non-agriculture, and the second dimension as representing the dominance of manufacturing industry among non-agricultural occupation. The two-dimensional space can thus be identified as arranging the cities according to the difference of occupation structure.
    Then the set of matrices of inter-city distances in two-dimensional Euclidean spaces for both was used as input for INDSCAL.
  • 中島 健一
    1981 年 33 巻 1 号 p. 23-40
    発行日: 1981/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    1) 北アフリカにおける農耕および家畜の起源については正確な資料がととのっていない。サハラ南部・東部の周辺地方では,旧石器時代晩期(c. 10500 B.C.)に,野草の種実の栽培をはじめたが,新石器時代への連続性については明らかでない。
    K.W.ブッツェルをはじめ,さいきんの研究によると,エジプトの農耕起源は,近中東地方からの影響のもとに,それらの諸地方から2000±500年ほどおくれて,下エジプトのメリムダやファイユームに始まり,上エジプト・ヌービア地方へ発展していったことを指摘している。エジプトの農業起源を明らかにしようとするとき,新石器時代の資料は,たしかに,ヌービア以北のナイル河谷地帯やデルタ地方に多く,近中東地方からの伝播を裏づけているようである。M.N.コーエンは,その伝播説に反論して,アフリカ固有の農業起源を示唆しているが,なお実証性に乏しい。
    後氷期の北半球にはいくたびかの気候変動があった。それらの気候変動は,動植物の生態・分布をきびしく制約し,採集=狩猟・なかば家畜飼養の遊牧民たちの生存形態や移動様式,さらに,ナイル河谷のエジプト人たちの歴史形成に顕著な影響をおよぼした。とくに,北半球の中緯度地帯における「亜降雨期」(c. 5500-2350 B.C.)の介在は,農耕および家畜の起源に決定的な影響をあたえた。北アフリカでは,この時期の降雨量はやや多く(100±50mm),冬季にも降雨があった。「亜降雨期」への移行にともなって,エジプトの新石器時代は,さいきんの研究によると,デルタやファイユーム低地から始まっているが,冬季の降雨にめぐまれた丘陵斜面や山麓,ワディの谷口地帯でも,いっせいに“石器革命”をむかえていた。
    2) サハラ南部・周辺地方やヌービア・上エジプト東部の丘陵地帯に残る多くの岩刻画からみて,それらの諸地方における動物群集はきわめて多種であり,豊富であった。野生動物の馴化にかんするかぎり,農耕発展の径路とは逆に,サハラ南部・東部・周辺地方から,ヌービァ・上エジプトへ拡延していったようである。K.W.ブッツェルによると,その主役は,サハラの採集=狩猟民となかば家畜飼養をともなう東部ハミートの遊牧民たちであった。F.E.ツォイナーは,初期農耕時代に家畜化された哺乳動物として牛や水牛をあげている。東部ハミートの遊牧民たちは,エジプト人が牛を知る1000年も前から,牛を飼育していたのである。
    3) やや温暖・湿潤な「亜降雨期」は,紀元前4千年紀のなかころから変動し,北アフリカの気象条件は乾燥化しはじめた。そのころ,サハラやその周辺地帯・スーダン・ヌービア・上エジプト地方では,あきらかに,動物群集の最初の断絶がおこっている。ヌービア・上エジプトのナイル河谷の周辺地方から,サバナ景観が荒廃し,象・さい・きりんなどをはじめ,やがて,かもしか類などのサバナの動物群集が消滅しはじめた。そのころ,それらの諸地方の採集=狩猟民やなかば家畜飼養の遊牧民たちはさかんに移動している。
    4) ナイル川の放水量は,紀元前4千年紀末以降,「亜降雨期」の終息とともに,減少しはじめた。季節的氾濫の水位は,「亜降雨期」のピークに比較して,ヌービアでは8-9m,ルクソール(テーベ)では4-5mほども低下した。河谷のエジプト人たちは,サバナ景観の荒廃と野生動物の減少,あまつさえ,いちじるしい人口増加による食糧危機に対面して,その不安と緊張・心理的圧迫から逃れるために,食糧の新しい生産方法について,その選択をせまられたにちがいない。エジプト人たちは,オアシスやワディの谷口地帯から,さいわい,放水量の減少によって干上ってきたナイル氾濫原へ進出し,まったく新しい食糧生産の方法-すなわち,それまでの旱地農法に比較して,土地生産性のたかい灌漑農法への道を選択し,ひらいていく。その過渡期はナカーダ第II期から王朝初期(c. 3300-3050 B.C.)であった。また,この時期には家畜飼養をも積極的にすすめた。王朝初期に,ナイル河谷の灌漑耕地は氾濫原の2/3にひろがり,c. 2000 B.C.の資料によると,農耕地と牧草地との面積が等しくなっている。
    「亜降雨期」への移行は“新石器革命”-すなわち,原始農耕および野生動物の馴化の端緒をなした。その終末・乾燥気候への転移(Wende)は,エジプトのナイル河谷では第2の農業革命-すなわち,貯留式の灌排水農法と家畜飼養とのいっそうの結合をとおして,エジプト古王国(Pyramid Age)への道をひらいたのである。
  • 大阪府を事例として
    川端 基夫
    1981 年 33 巻 1 号 p. 41-54
    発行日: 1981/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 府県間人口移動を例に
    神谷 浩夫
    1981 年 33 巻 1 号 p. 55-61
    発行日: 1981/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    The purpose of this paper is to consider the characteristics of functional distance derived from Markov chain model. So far functional distance has been used as one of the tools for regionalization, but its properties as a distance have not been discussed enough. The author uses inter-prefectual migration data in Japan to obtain the distance referring to existing literatures. Before proceeding the analysis, we review the mathematical premises of Markov model and their implications for geographical study. These are 1) consideration of both direct and indirect flows, 2) relative amount of such flows and 3) non-reflectivity. Under such constraints, we should apply functional distance approach.
    As a result, Japanese inter-prectual functional distance is revealed to have following features. First, each prefecture's functional distance, as compared each other regarding origin or row, has quite similar pattern, which implies that Japan as a whole consists of only one system and has no subsystems. Secondly, east-and west-Japan information regions are identified. The two regions are situated on opposite poles on common dimension in terms of principal component.
  • 大都市圏研究における衛星都市再考の試み
    藤井 正
    1981 年 33 巻 1 号 p. 62-77
    発行日: 1981/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    This paper proposes to reconsider the significance of the cities arround metropolises, above all that of the concept of satellite city in the study of metropolitan areas.
    First of all, the characteristics of 412 units are examined in the factor analysis. These units consist of wards, cities, towns, and villages in Osaka, Kyoto, Hyogo, Nara, and Wakayama prefectures, and the eastern part of Okayama and Tottori prefectures. 44 variables are selected for the factor analysis. After the analysis has been completed, 4 factors are created as the results. Using the scores of these 4 factors, the units are classified in the next place. Fig. 1 shows the results that are got from these analyses.
    There are, however, some units which we cannot yet include to or exclude from Keihanshin Metropolitan Area. Then the flows of commuters and students are analyzed (Fig. 2). This analysis elucidates a part of the functional region structures of the metropolitan area. After these analyses, the extent and structure of Keihanshin Metropolitan Area are judged as Fig. 3. As the cores of it, there are Higashi ward of Osaka, Ikuta ward of Kobe and so on. Arround these cores, there exist the units classified into suburb and transitional zone to suburb. In them there are some cities recognized as the industrial centers. Besides they are central places in the metropolitan area. Himeji, Wakayama, and Nara, locating at the edge of the metropolitan area, belong to the model type. Sakai, Higashiosaka and Amagsaki, surrounding Osaka indicate higher score in the suburb, so these three cities also have the characteristics like industrial center.
    Untill now, cities arround the metropolis have been studied in the sense of expansion of residental area in Japan. Accordingly satllite city have also meant domitory city in which commuters to metropolis live. In America, however, satellite city means industrial suburb in the original sense. Then on the base of the satellite city concept by R.E. Murphy, I want to think about the above mentioned cities in Keihanshin Metropolitan Area according to the concept that satellite city is a industrial center and a central place. In the Keihanshin Metropolitan Area, the cities of this type are Himeji, Wakayaula and Nara. Sakai, Higashiosaka and Amagasaki are the near type to them. It is these cities that are very important as base points of urbanization and central places in the metropolitan area. Without the study of these cities, the synthesis between the study of urbanization and that of functional region in the metropolitan area would not be accomplished.
  • 1981 年 33 巻 1 号 p. 78-92
    発行日: 1981/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 岡部 雅子
    1981 年 33 巻 1 号 p. 92-93
    発行日: 1981/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
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