The central place system within an urban area seems to be different from that of the ordinary regional level due to hierarchical and spatial structure and changing process, though we often have delt with both systems as the same one. Moreover, the intra-urban central place system itself is changing now obviously in correspondence with structural changes in retail trade brought about by the entrance of supermarkets. Accordingly the writer intends to determine the present-day structure of the intra-urban central place system in Hiroshima city based on the analysis of trade areas and then to clarify an important problem of central place studies.
The results analysed are summarized as follows:
1) Within the old municipal area of Hiroshima city there are more than 40 centres of convenience goods (vegetables and fruits) as shown in Fig. 2. In new residential areas of the urban periphery there are large trade areas with over 1km-radius, where consumers usually use both the nearest neighbour store and the supermarket in the centre. In trade areas of middle goods (underwears), however, the city centre expands its trade area remarkably at the cost of the most of the other centres so that only a few other centres have their small trade areas of middle goods (Fig. 3). Moreover, the trade area of the city centre includes not only almost all of the urban area but also the western half of Hiroshima prefecture in level of specialized goods (suits). Therefore, the typical hierarchical nesting structure of the central place system as seen in Christaller's theory cannot be seen within the urban area of Hiroshima (Fig. 8); there exist even centres with smaller areas of middle goods than of convenience goods. This fact means that the concept of threshold population, though it is basic for explaining the central place theory, does not actually play an important role in the location of central functions.
2) Although the writer did not analyse the central functions of each centre with the direct count method, the results of classification of central places obtained by this method seem to be obviously different from the results of this analysis; centres with central functions of higher order do not always have a large trade area of higher order goods. By this analysis a system of three levels in the order of central places is recognized.
3) The trade area of middle goods for the city centre is not delimited in the Densely Inhabited District of Hiroshima but expands mainly toward suburban area with poor central functions. The fact that the boundary of the urban area is ignored by the trade areas of intra-urban central places reveals clearly the unsuitableness of Beavon's model and his concept of subnormal profit.
4) The increasing ratio of retail sales from 1970 to 1976 is higher in the city centre and suburban area than in the outlying centres of higher order, as shown in Fig. 10 and Tab. 2. In addition, the decreasing density of population in the surrounding area of the city centre affects the growth of these centres negatively, which have acted for the central functions of the city centre destroyed perfectly by atomic bomb. Nowadays, suburban centres such as Gion, Kabe and Itsukaichi are growing so that it seems that the location of the outlying centres of higher order are moving from the old traffic nodes of the inner city to suburban centres rejuvenated by population increase of the surrounding areas. If so, the normal spatial pattern of Christaller's type should be recognized more actively for the intra-urban system of central places than the dendritic pattern which is expected to be developed in an area with inclining distribution of land value and regional demand.

抄録全体を表示

Concerning the distribution of littoral relay warehouses, the warehouses of cement and petroleum products center on Nagoya Port, though rather dispersed locations can also be found. On the contrary there is a remarkable concentration of steel warehouses at Nagoya Port. This occurs because steel, which is heavy and solid, with a diversity of products, can be loaded more efficiently, and because of the ever-present demand at that location.
The shipping areas of cement for littoral relay warehouses center in the western area of Japan where there is a surplus of production. Steel warehouses cross all of Japan. This is affected by the varieties of products, locations and production capacities of steel mills. Petroleum product warehouses range from the Kanto area to the Kansai area; mainly centering in the Tokai area. Because few differences are found among products of oil refineries, receiving from the nearby vicinity is promoted.
Though cement and petroleum products are marketed most in Aichi Pref., these also are marketed comparatively well in Gifu Pref. and Mie Pref., while steel is marketed overwhelmingly in Aichi Pref. This high demand for steel comes from development of automobile industry in Aichi Pref. Gifu Pref. consumes a large amount of cement to control land and water. Petroleum products are marketed well in Mie Pref. because a large quantity of naphtha is produced at group oil refineries in Yokkaichi.
Areal difference between sales shares tends to be determined by the shares of the prefectures where the mills exist. Usually sales share extends remarkably in the prefecture where the mills exist and in adjoining prefectures.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this treatise is to clarify the distribution of the industry in the Keihin (Tokyo Metropolitan) Industrial Region and its change in the past decade. For this purpose, various density distribution maps were derived by the Grid method. The research resulted in the following conclusions:
The Keihin Industrial Region may be divided into two parts, namely “concentrated area” and “peripheral area”. In the concentrated area, covering the main part of Tokyo, Kawasaki, Yokohama and southern part of Saitama prefecture, about 60% of all factories of the Keihin Region are located. As compared to 10 years ago, the boundaries of the present concentrated area have greatly expanded toward the north. The concentrated area may be further divided into four districts, namely, Southern, Eastern, Northern and Central districts. In the peripheral area there are several minor concentrated districts.
In recent years the extention of Northern district is remarkable, and the density of the distribution of the factories in Southern and Eastern districts is declining. On the other hand, the big factories employing one thousand workers or more are numerous in the peripheral area, especialy in Southern and Western suburbs. These differentials may be found in the distribution of the industrial workers and its change. The area of the greatest concentration of the industrial workers corresponds very closely to that of the factories, but in the peripheral area their density is higher than that of the factories. In recent years, the density of the factories are strikingly decreased in concentrated area.
In the concentrated area, the following areal specialization can be seen under the types of industry. 1) The Southern district is characterized by machinery industry and its stretches to Southern suburbs. 2) The Eastern district is the daily consumer goods type, spreading in the Eastern suburbs. 3) Publishing and printing type area is found in the Central district and moreover the boundary of the area of this type is expanding each year, changing the characteristics of the adjacent areas.

抄録全体を表示

1. Landscape Map of Great Kobe City is a bird's-eye view of Kobe planned and manufactured around 1935 by a daily newspaper of Kobe, “Yushin Nippo”. Under the advice and guidance of Professor Goro Ishibashi of Kyoto University and of Professor Shigeki Muramatsu of Gakushuin, Kazumasa Ono designed and constructed the map and Takeji Asano, artist of Japanese style picture, drew and painted it.
The map first passed censorship by the Army in 1937, but later its publication was prohibited because it was too detailed to be unclassified.
In 1979 parts of galley proof, preserved by Seiji Kayano, were made public by NHK. Later the wife of the late Eiji Kurushima, former employee of “Yushin Nippo”, presented a lot of materials related to planning and manufacturing of this landscape map. In these materials there are important sources to reveal the circumstances of Kobe in 1935.
2. In “guiding principle” of preparation of this map, written by professor Muramatsu, he showed big concern for landscape geography which dominated Europe and America during nineteen twenties and thirties and was introduced to Japan, referring to P.W. Bryan of England, S. Passarge of Germany and C.O. Sauer of United States. But he pointed out that the maps were not so well prepared in landscape geography of Europe and America and emphasized the desire to give a good pictorical expression in landscape map of Kobe based on scientific ground along the new tendency of geography. The method of fundamental investigation for preparation of maps was similar to the method of field investigation and the attitude to grasp landscape adopted by C.O. Sauer. This coincidence was not accidental and was reflection of the way of thinking of geography in the 1930's.
3. Utilizing this landscape map and related materials, the range of central core of city of Kobe around 1935 is confirmed. It was clarified that the central core was already functionally differentiated into districts for amusement and eating, administration, retail and trade business. This differentiation can be recognized also from landscape map. As every building was drawn like relief, the degree of high story can be estimated and the range of central core of the city has been delimited.

抄録全体を表示