Der Charakter der Agrarbetriebe wird nicht nur von den inneren Faktoren (Betriebsgröße, Arbeitskraft, Attribut der Betriebe usw.), sondern auch von äußeren Faktoren (Verstädterung, Unterstützung der Verwaltung usw.) bestimmt. Je nachdem wie diese Faktoren miteinander im Zusammenhang stehen, ergeben sich sowohl Unterschiede im Charakter der Betriebe als auch regionale Unterschiede.
In stark verstädterten Stadtumländern Japans werden die Agrarbetriebe durch Erhöhung des Bodenpreises, durch Umweltverschlechterung für Gartenbau und Landwirtschaft, und durch den Abfluß der Arbeitskräfte in die Städte und durch andere Faktoren extensiviert. Untersuchungen dieses Prozesses haben ergeben, daß die Stärke der Verstädterung die regionalen Unterschiede verursacht.
Die intensiven Agrarbetriebe in den Stadtumländern haben zwar durch die Unterstützung der Verwaltungen spezifische Formen entwickelt und gestalten gemeinsam die Produktions- und Verkaufsorganisation. Aber auch diese Betriebe extensivieren sich heute unter dem Einfluß der starken Verstädterung.
In BRD dagegen haben die Agrarbetriebe folgende Merkmale: die Betriebe sind gleichförmig intensiv und ihre regionalen Differenzierungen sind ziemlich deutlich. Diese beiden Merkmale unterscheiden deutsche Betriebe von denen in Japan. Der Unterschied hat seine Ursache darin, daß in BRD der Einfluß der Verstädterung viel geringer ist and die Betriebe stärker von den natürlichen Faktoren wie Boden usw. charakterisiert werden.
Wenn man beispielsweise Gemüseanbaugebiete in BRD betrachtet, werden die Gemüseanbaubetriebe nicht von äußeren Faktoren, sondern von innerbetrieblichen Faktoren bestimmt.
In dieser Arbeit wurde das intensive Gemüseanbaugebiet in Vierlande und Marschland in Hamburg, BRD ausgewählt and vor allem die inneren Faktoren dieser Betriebe untersucht.
Die Ergebnisse werden im folgenden zusammengefaßt. Die Betriebe in diesem Gebiet wurden entsprechend der Betriebsgröße in 3 Gruppen (unter 1.5ha, 1.5∼3.0ha, 3.0ha and mehr) eingeteilt. Es zeigt sich, daß die Betriebsgröße den Betriebstypen (Gemüseaubau, Gemüse- und Getreideanbau usw.), den Mechanisierungsgrad, die Intensität der Landnutzung, die Anzahl der Fruchtsorten und die Verkaufsweise in der genannten Reihenfolge bestimmt. Diese Verhältnisse werden in Abb. 11 gezeigt.
In dem untersuchten Gebiet gibt es fast keine “urban sprawl, ” obwohl dieses Gebiet im Stadtumland von Hamburg liegt, gibt es hier die großen and intensiven Gartenbaugebiete.
Probleme traten auf durch die Erhöhung des Ölpreises und die Konkurrenz importierten Gemüses. Außerdem entstanden verschiedene Probleme in der 7km und weniger entfernten Zone durch die zunehmende Verstädterung in den letzten Jahren. Es ist also damit zu rechnen, daß dieses Gemüseanbaugebiet sich allmählich verändert.

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The geographical study of natural hazard perception initiated in 1960's has an application-oriented character and contains these two points of argument: the grasp of the image which the occupants in the hazardous region have towards the hazard, and explanation of human behavior towards the hazard. Reviewing previous studies, we find that the image of uncertainty of hazard occurrence has been mainly discussed and that actual behavior has been seldom referred to. When the ultimate aim of the study of natural hazard perception is to explain human behavior towards the hazard, it should be pointed out that the discussion of what images are the basis of behavior has been discussed insufficiently. The purpose of this paper is to grasp the structure of the image of the natural hazard and to examine it as the basis of human behavior.
This is a case study of a flood disaster in Waju. On September 12, 1976, a flood attacked the Waju-the settlements and fields surrounded by ring levees-in Gifu Prefecture. This flood is called the 9.12 disaster. It is said that the 9.12 disaster had influences on the flood control system in this region and the occupants' perception of flood. For example, since this disaster, family adjustment to flood-elevation, two storied houses, insurance and the like-have been adopted. In this paper, we may assume that these adjustments result from the occupants' image influenced by this flood. So, from another point of view, the purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of the so-called 9.12 disaster upon the occupants in Waju.
Data is based on a questionnaire which was carried out in Wanouhi-cho in August 1980-4 years had passed since the 9.12 disaster. In order to grasp the image, the author applied a psychological technique, the Semantic Differential Method. Data are analysed by factor analysis.
In the result, six rotated factors are abstracted and four of them are identified. These four explained 47.4% of the variance. These factors are identified as follows:
Factor I (20.9%): Seriousness-comes from disaster or fear of disaster.
Factor II (11.5%): Controllability, ability to control flooding.
Factor III (8.0%): Appearance of flooding.
Factor IV (7.0%): Expectancy of occurrence.
The above shows that the dimension of the uncertainty of flood occurrence-expectancy-ranks fourth in significance.
The author also examined the relationship between the image discussed above and the actual adjustment. As a result, it is clear that the occupants perceiving the flood hazard as more serious or more devastating are inclined to adopt adjustments.

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How have rural settlements or communities been established? Rural communities have been investigated by rural of historical geographers, rural sociologists and socioeconomic historiographers, and many arguments have been presented by them. But the origins of rural communities and original patterns of settlements have not been clarified.
This paper deals with a village in Minamiuonuma-county of Echigo (Niigata Prefecture). Consanguineous maki bands (affilated bands) have remained there up till the present. Even now, they fulfill their function in yearly events and some ceremonial occasions in the village. They have been organized between a head family, makigashira, and its branch families.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the process of establishment and structure of the settlements based on the consanguineous bands (the groups of affiliated members in the village) during the early years of the Edo period.
The results of this research are as follows:
1) According to the materials during the early years of the Edo period, there were about 20 houses per 1km2 on the Utazawa-gawa alluvial fan in Minamiuonumacounty, and the numbers of farmhouses in the individual villages were also less than 20, far smaller than at present. The settlement form of these villages was loosely concentrated or scattered.
2) In 1874 (the early part of the Meiji era), Kamihara village on the Utazawagawa alluvial fan consisted of 5 maki groups (consanguineous bands), and each group had 2-14 constituents (branch families). The total number of houses in Kamihara village was 30.
Of these houses, 19 can be traced back to 1683 (the early part of the Edo period). It is presumed that 5 consanguineous bands (affiliated bands) were already in existence, and each had two or several families. One of them was a head family and the others were its branch families.
It is assumed that the structure of Kamihara village in the Meiji era which was based on the affiliated band had been completed by that time (1684).
Furthermore, the land utilization pattern of Kamihara village during the early years of the Edo period were retained until the Meiji era. Namely, half of the fields of Kamihara village were rice fields, and in the rest, hemp, soy-beans and mulberry plants were cultivated.
Thus, the fundamental structure of Kamihara village had been established by the early years of the Edo period. It is assumed that a pattern such as that of Kamihara village, base on an affiliated band, can be traced back to the medieval period.

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