The two major aims of this article are to survey the different phases in the introduction and definition of‘Territoriality’ as a concept in Western geographical literature, and to investigate the definitions from a meta-geographical point of view, focusing on the axiomatical structure of each definition and the ideological characteristics which each structure has as a system of representation of the world from on a particular social standpoint.
‘Territoriality’ in human geography has its origin in ethology, and the concept was introduced in geography at the beginning of the 1960's. In ethology, the concept was defined first as the aggressive instinct of an organism defending its surroundings. The logic of this theory is a bit circular because of its premise of‘an aggressive instinct to be controlled’. This difficulty was overcome for example in sociobiology by posutulating the maximization of‘inclusive fitness’: in this view, territoriality is defined as a strategy which functions when the defense of a territory brings more benefit than non-territorial behavior. This postulate derives from the original metaphor of the utilitarian behavior of man in Europe, and it became the frame of reference in interpreting animal behavior. At any rate, the ethological concept stimulated an interest in human geography in the territorial behavior of man, which has generally been neglected in spatial analysis and is defined as an attempt to control actions and interactions of objects by asserting and attempting to enforce control over a specific geographical area.
The influence of the ethological concept on human geography can be found in some definitions, where geographers use the works of ethologists, but generally they cite first the concept implicitly in an analogical way: there was not any reflection about the difference between animals and man. For example, from the end of the 1960's to the middle of the 1970's, the ethnic or religious segregation within a city is cited as an urban territoriality of man. These implicit analogies are examined in behavioral geography in the 1980's, and it is explicitly recognized that human territoriality has not only biological bases but also symbolical and institutional aspects which are different from animals, and that territoriality has an analogical sense in human behavior.
In addition to this behavioral territoriality, the analogical use of the concept has been examined from the humanistic approach from the middle of the 1970's, in the name of ‘emotional territoriality’. This approach aims to surpass simple analogies and reflect the emotions and symbols of mankind. It partly criticizes the behavioral approach because of its axiomatical restriction of the object to the observable and measurable, and treats the concept of territoriality by connecting it with ideas such as‘attachment to place’and so on.
The same connection with the emotional is found in some theories in political geography from the beginning of the 1970's. For example, there are such expressions as ‘group's sense of attachment to geographical area’and‘sense of belonging to a particular place’, which signify the sharing in common of a territorial iconography or symbolism like a national flag. These emotional conceptions can be called: a societal territoriality, which is related to the formation and maintenance of‘an attachment to place’by ideological manipulation and societal forces. This conception is found also in the concept of social space, where a value system and other social factors are homogeneous.
From another point of view, a conceptual investigation enables us to clarify the ideological and disguised characteristics of these emotional conceptions in the real world, and particularly in geographical theories.

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An understanding of multi-dimensional regional structure is indispensable in regional planning. Accessibility is one of the most useful indices. Measures of accessibility are grouped according to method of calculation into three types, namely the network measure (formula 2), potential measure (the measure of population potential-type is formula 3, and measure of potential transportation cost-type is formula 4) and the cumulative-opportunity measure (formula 1). The cumulative-opportunity measure has merits differing from the other two measures because of its method of calculation. The purpose of this paper is to calculate accessibilities for employment opportunities in Fukuoka Prefecture by the cumulative-opportunity measure. The distribution of accessibilities was compared with ones calculated by the other two measures. Afterward, the practical applications of accessibility were examined. The data were obtained from the 1980 Population Census of Japan and the time-distance between each district. The main findings are summarized as follows:
1. The distribution of accessibility calculated by the cumulative-opportunity measure expresses clearly regional differences and the effect of complicated traffic routes. Districts with high accessibility are located not only along the Kagoshima-line, Nishitetsu-line and Chikuho-line, but also along the Sasaguri-line, Nippo-line, Chikuhi-line and Kyudai-line. These districts correspond well with the districts in which the indigenous labor force is presently increasing or is expected to increase in the near future. Accordingly, this measure is maybe said to be a tool useful for regional planning.
2. The distribution of accessibility calculated by the network measure reflects the traffic network. However, the distribution of accessibility cannot express the effect of the detailed traffic route and the evaluation for regional differences of accessibility becomes insufficient. Accordingly, detailed analysis is impossible with this measure. The distribution of accessibility calculated by the potential measure of potential transportation cost-type is similar to the one calculated with the network measure. The distribution of accessibility calculated with the other type of potential measure, which is the measure of population potential-type, reflects strongly the distribution of employment opportunities. Highly accessible districts correspond to high hierarchical centers and not to the districts in which the local labor force is presently increasing or expected to increase in the near future.
3. Accessibility for population distribution of labor force was calculated by substituting the population of the indigenous labor force as an attractor variable. As a result it was concluded that accessible districts are suitable for the construction of new industrial areas and the relocation of businesses from the city centre. To measure the discrepancy between accessibility for employment opportunities and that for the local labor force suggests which important districts are important for regional planning.
4. Further, this indicates that accessibility for employment opportunities and population distribution of the labor force by separate occupations could be calculated by taking the population data of individual occupations as an attractor variable.

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