人文地理
Online ISSN : 1883-4086
Print ISSN : 0018-7216
ISSN-L : 0018-7216
42 巻, 2 号
選択された号の論文の6件中1~6を表示しています
  • 森川 洋
    1990 年 42 巻 2 号 p. 97-117
    発行日: 1990/04/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    Regional urban systems in Japan have a close relationship with prefectural territories which have continued without any changes since the proclamation of the prefectural system in 1890. The intra-prefectural administration and regional development policies of prefectural governments have affected the development of regional urban systems. The population of prefectural capitals has gradually been controlled by the population scale of the prefecture. Analyzing the migration flows among 649 cities in 1980, a city usually has a close connection to other cities within its own prefecture and forms a regional urban system with the hierarchical structure in which a prefectural capital is set up at the top. The hierarchical structure of the regional urban system in each prefecture mostly reflects features of its starting point, although regional differences between core and periphery areas have appeared in the process of urban growth.
    As shown in Figure 2 and Table 2 each regional urban system with hierarchical structure is classified into five groups: uni-center type, bi-polar type, split urban system type and metropolitan city type. In addition, the type dependent on a metropolitan city has gradually grown in the vicinity of a metropolitan center according to the developing urban system of a metropolitan city type. Moreover, it can be divided into early, intermediate and late stages due to the process of dependence. Figure 3 represents typical cases of each type shown in Table 2.
    From the point of view of the workers of central functions measured by the number of sale and service workers (Pop. Census 1985), most of cities can be classified into large (over 30, 000 workers), middle-size (7, 000 to 30, 000 workers) and small-size cities (3, 000 to 7, 000 workers). As a result, we can recognize that at least the central part of most prefectures are serviced by large cities of their own or nearby metropolitan cities. Tottori and Shimane prefectures are exceptional cases in which even the inhabitants of prefectural capitals are not supplied with the central services of a higher order.
    When we try to delimit the commuting area of a city by a commuting rate of more than five percent of workers and regard the commuting area as the city region in which inhabitants can enjoy central services of its city level, each prefectural territory is divided into four city regions: large, middle-size and small-size cities and the outlying area. Then, counting the rate of population involved in the city region of each level and classifying a prefecture by the dominance grade of the population rate, five types can be obtained as in Table 4 (vertical): standard type, metropolitan type, middle-size city type, small-size city type and outlying area type. While metropolitan prefectures or the prefectures near to them such as Saitama, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Aichi, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara and Chiba belong to the metropolitan type and the like, Hokkaido, Ibaragi, Tokushima, Kochi, Nagasaki and Kagoshima belong to the outlying area type. In comparison to the connection structure of regional urban systems in Table 2, it is difficult to clearly classify their spatial pattern. Although the spatial pattern of city regions can be classified into four levels by considering their development process (Table 4, across), there are several cases difficult to classify because of the areal differences of city regions within a prefecture. While such a spatial pattern is to some extent related to the types classified by the population rate of each level of city regions, it does not correspond to the hierarchical pattern of connection structure and it is difficult to explain the relation between the spatial and connection types.
    Cities are also classified into four types according to the relation to their city regions: standard type, half-dependent type, independent type city (Selbstversorgerort) and satellite city type.
  • 引用分析的アプローチを用いて
    矢野 桂司
    1990 年 42 巻 2 号 p. 118-145
    発行日: 1990/04/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    Urban models attempt to describe the urban system using mathematical equations. They provide a simplified and abstract view of some aspect of the complicated urban system and deal with the allocation and interaction of activities or sectors in cities and regions. These mathematical models are developed to look at different aspects of the spatial distribution of activities within the urban system. The activities might be, for example, the distribution of residential population, employment, shops, working places; and the interaction might be the journey-to-work trip pattern or the journey-to-shop trip pattern. Thus urban modelling is a practical approach to urban analysis which seeks first to understand and describe the mechanisms which govern the structure and behavior of the urban system, and second to predict the outcome of future policy decisions.
    The history of urban modelling research can be very roughly divided into two periods. Urban models of the first generation were desingned and implemented in the United States mainly in the late 1950's and the 1960's, which coincided with the launching of large-scale land use-transportation studies in major metropolitan areas. The realization that there existed a deep and subtle relationship between land use and transportation generated a demand for analytic methods. The most notable publication which did much to generate wider academic interest in the subject was Lowry's “A Model of Metropolis” published by The Rand Corporation in 1964. It is worth noting that these developments took place outside of geography. The period was one of great optimism for the future of model-based planning methods.
    In Britain, drawing on the experience in the United States, the history of urban modelling dates back to the latter half of 1960's. British model building has developed mainly around one type of model, that first proposed by Lowry (1964). The major features of the second generation have been theoretical improvements of spatial interaction models and the development of calibration and estimation techniques. Especially the theoretical work into spatial interaction pioneered by Wilson(1967) has been extremely useful in providing much improved formulations of the sub-models in the integrated operational urban models.
    This paper attempts to sketch the development of urban modelling research in Britain, and to explore the structure of urban modelling as a research specialty in terms of the limited perspective yielded by citations. Citation analysis is a bibliometric method using reference citations found in scientific papers, and it is a useful method in the sociology of science in order to reveal the structure of community of researchers engaged in a particular research specialty. The set of papers selected in this paper is defined by those which cited Lowry (1964), and weve published up to 1986 in Environment & Planning A and Regional Studies and, articles and books closely related with urban modelling. Adopting this criterion gave a set of 88 papers. These papers are listed in the Appendix, and the recording the citations made by each paper in the set to other papers in that set is shown as an incidence matrix in Figure 3.
    After this citation matrix has been transformed into not the correlation matrix but the cross-product matrix standardized by sum of squares, factor analysis was applied to it. Using the standardised cross-product matrix in conducting the factor analysis may be an appropriate procedure for the binary date matrix (Yano, 1985). The matrix shows the linkage between source papers through co-cited papers.
    The factor analysis produced eleven factors corresponding to research topics in urban modelling, accounting for 64.9% of the total variance. The results of the analysis are summarized in Figure 4.
  • 1920・30年代ドイツにおける景観論の展開
    山野 正彦
    1990 年 42 巻 2 号 p. 146-167
    発行日: 1990/04/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 丹後・伊根浦の舟屋集落を例にして
    河原 典史
    1990 年 42 巻 2 号 p. 168-181
    発行日: 1990/04/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    The regional character of different places can berecognized through living styles and their changes in rural houses. In this study, the author examined functional changes and their factors in rural houses according to the changes in fishing, taking rural houses in fishery villages which have been neglected as an example. As a case study, the author took up funaya settlements in Ineura, in which many kinds of functions are mixed.
    It was in the Taisho Era that the living functions of funaya which had functions for fishing, such as dry-docking a boat, keeping fishery tools, drying fishing nets and so on, began to come into existence. And it was after World War II that these living functions remarkably expanded.
    The forms of funaya have greatly changed from a simple two-storied house to a regular two-storied house, because the living space has expanded to the upper stories of funaya since the war ended.
    The following factors can be given as the reasons for which funaya are equipped with living functions:
    1. the economic factor: prosperity of fishing in 1950, 1951 and in 1970∼1975.
    2. the physical factor: linear villages which have little space for housing land.
    3. a social factor: the rise of nuclear families.
    Non-fishing families which have a large main house don't need funaya so few of these funaya are equipped with living functions. Furthermore, since about 1965, funaya have had a surplus of living space, so some houses are often found to be changed into minshuku (guest houses).
    At the present time, the place for dry-docking a boat on the first floor of funaya is classifiied into 4 types: A, B, C and D (see Fig. 8). The main reason is that fiberglass-reinforced-plastic (F.R.P.) boats were introduced in 1969 and the weaving industry spread in 1961.
    A type: This type doesn't show changes of form. Despite being equipped with dry-docking functions, these are hardly used.
    B type: Though this type shows changes in form, it still preserves its function for dry-docking boats.
    C type: This is the type in which formal change is the same as the functional one when the function for dry-docking boats disappeared because of the introduction of F.R.P. boats.
    D type: This is the type in which the function for dry-docking of boats has disappeared and the forms have changed a great deal, owing to protection of weaving machines and commercial goods.
  • 1990 年 42 巻 2 号 p. 182-190
    発行日: 1990/04/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 田畑 久夫
    1990 年 42 巻 2 号 p. 190-192
    発行日: 1990/04/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
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