人文地理
Online ISSN : 1883-4086
Print ISSN : 0018-7216
ISSN-L : 0018-7216
44 巻, 6 号
選択された号の論文の8件中1~8を表示しています
  • 中川 正, 季 増民, 須山 聡, 小田 宏信, 廣田 育男
    1992 年 44 巻 6 号 p. 643-662
    発行日: 1992/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    The construction of Tsukuba Science City, located 60 kilometers northeast of Tokyo, began in the early 1970s. It started out as a national project to form an agglomeration of more than half of the major central government research institutions. Since that time, Tsukuba has also attracted 79 private research institutions, mainly during the 1980s, to form one of the largest agglomerations of private research institutions. This study geographically analyzes these private research institutions to identify the development of the agglomeration, its labor market, the regional pattern of its workers' residences, the flow of goods in the agglomeration, and its research relationships with other institutions.
    Except for three firms, all private research institutions in Tsukuba were established after 1980. The majority of the construction occurred after 1985, when Tsukuba Science Exposition took place. Sixty of the 79 institutions occupy six research parks developed by such public offices as the prefectural government. The institutions emphasize basic research in high technology industries.
    The majority of workers are researchers, who are young and highly educated. Women make up only 17 percent of the workforce; few of them are researchers. Both researchers and administrative staff are from everywhere in Japan. However, some companies actively look for new administrative staff in national research institutions. They also seek graduates of the University of Tsukuba as researchers. The institutions whòse head offices are in the Kansai District or overseas have tried to develop a new labor market. Whereas the majority of female workers live in the surrounding rural communities, young male researchers reside in company dormitories within the city. Many of the elder male workers have bought houses outside the city because land prices in Tsukuba are too high.
    The commodity flow of these institutions is relatively small. Each company's connection with its factories is not strong in terms of commodity flow. Although some institutions are located close to their factories, they do not usually collaborate in manufacturing and testing, only in clerical work.
    The relation with related businesses differs according to the kind of service offered. Whereas office and laboratory supplies are available within the city, such services as experiments, data processing, and trial manufacturing depend upon offices or factories that are located mainly in Tokyo.
    The majority of the institutions seek information from central government research institutions. They also do collaborative research with government institutions. The abundance of co-authored publications indicates that some private research institutions have already established strong joint research relationships with government researchers. Whereas the communication among private research institutions is limited, one notable exception is the Tsukuba Research Consortium, which was established by eight private companies to encourage joint research.
  • 古賀 慎二
    1992 年 44 巻 6 号 p. 663-688
    発行日: 1992/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    Industries and human activities have been highly diversified in Japan as well as in western developed countries in recent years and the employment of clerical and administrative works has been increasing in number. In the central area of metropolises the number of office buildings has increased and it has come to form a district specialized in office activities in its appearance and in its function. Several studies on office establishment patterns and office location change patterns have been done so far and yet there have been few case studies that discussed the patterns in connection with location of office buildings tenanted by offices. Office location studies in smaller cities other than metropolises have been few, either.
    The purpose of this paper is to show clearly and precisely the expansion of office establishments and office buildings and the patterns in office location change in the central area of Takamatsu. The analysis is based on 50 unit-blocks that show existing street conditions. The target years are: 1964 (1965), 1974 (1975) and 1986 (1987).
    The results of the analysis are summarized as follows:
    1) The leading figures in the expansion of office establishments in the central area of Takamatsu are the branch offices whose headquarters locate in Tokyo or in Osaka. These branch offices whose with ample capital occupy the first-class locations where accessibility and office-to-office contacts are easily kept.
    In all parts of central Takamatsu the number of offices with a smaller number of workers per office has increased remarkably, because service industry has grown rapidly to establish new offices and each office has improved management efficiency by office automation etc.
    2) Office buildings have been more and more multistoried as a result of the steep rise of land value in the central area of Takamatsu. The state of the use of floor spaces in office buildings differs by regions: in the regions where each office can manage, in each specified business field, such intensive office activities as to compensate expensive rent, floor spaces are occupied by office function only, while in the other regions floor spaces are occupied by various functions.
    3) The owners of small real estate living in the central area of Takamatsu have started to manage office building business since their rebuilding of the old house or building in order to answer the increasing demand for office spaces and the need to lighten the tax burden rated highly by the steep rise in land value in recent years. However, major real estate companies have also built many buildings and it has resulted in the imbalance between supply and demand and the rented ratio of office spaces in small buildings owned by individuals has been low.
    4) The research on the change of office location shows that the increase of new offices has had more influence on changes in office location has been strongly affected by establishments of well-equipped, multistoried office buildings-for-rent with enough floor spaces.
  • 歴史地理学的視点からのレヴュー
    片平 博文
    1992 年 44 巻 6 号 p. 689-707
    発行日: 1992/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    The European settlement of Australia began in 1788. Australian history itself can almost be thought of as the history of its land settlement process into the inland areas. Problems of the settlement and the settlement process of Australia have been actively studied in historical geography. In this paper the author reviews studies of the exploitation of the wheat belt in South Australia.
    The first remarkable change of Australian landscape after European settlement was the clearance of forests, woodlands and scrub. The agricultural land spread from the coastal plains to the inland areas after the clearance of native vegetation. Harris' map, based on air photographs, shows the vegetation clearance within the agricultural and of South Australia up until the mid-1970s. The map shows that nearly three-quarters of the land has been stripped. The abundance of agricultural land resulted from a severe decrease in native vegetation.
    Since the first European settlement, Australia was adversely affected by drought. The more the agricultural land spread into the inland areas, the greater affect these droughts had on the wheat belt. In particular, severe droughts occurred after the 1920s in the southern part of Australia, and substantial damage was done to crops and sheep. Farmers suffered from the decrease in crop yields.
    In early times, on the wheat belt in the southern part of Australia, farmers continued to plant only wheat every year. But the soil fertility decreased gradually until the end of the 19th century. Donald reports that the wheat yield in the southern part of Australia declined from 12.8 bushels per acre in the 1860s to 10.8 bushels in the 1870s, to 8.3 bushels in the 1880s and finally to a desperately low 7.3 bushels in the 1890s. To restore soil fertility, farmers introduced a wheat-fallow system of farming by the early 20th century. With this system, the wheat yield rose to 9.8 bushels in the 1900s, to 10.7 bushels in the 1910s and to 12.0 bushels in the 1920s. Although the yields rose from 7.3 to 12.0 bushels, the system proved unstable, and, in many districts of the southern part of Australia, there was a decline in crop yield from 1920 onwards, because of severe droughts and the extension of wheat growing into climatically and edaphically marginal lands.
    The next new farming system, “ley farming”or“pasture legumes”, was introduced into the wheat belt after the mid 1930s. Ley farming is an integrated system of cereal and livestock production. Farmers grow wheat, barley and oats on part of their agricultural land, while sheep and cattle graze the pasture legumes. With the introduction of ley farming, production in the wheat belt increased rapidly. The wheat yield rose from around 12-13 bushels in the 1930s and 1940s to above 17 bushels in the 1960s. By 1950, annual legumes, mainly medics and clovers, were chosen and sown, and the ley farming system had diffused over the wheat belt of South Australia and the other parts of Australia. But other factors, such as disease and soil erosion, have limited yield increase especially after the 1970s.
    For the comprehensive reconstruction of the details of changing landscapes in the Australian Wheat belt after the exploitation of its lands, it is necessary to analyse the relations between the European settlement process and the progress of the farming system.
  • 黒田 晃弘
    1992 年 44 巻 6 号 p. 708-726
    発行日: 1992/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 鄭 光中
    1992 年 44 巻 6 号 p. 727-740
    発行日: 1992/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 1992 年 44 巻 6 号 p. 741-746
    発行日: 1992/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 1992 年 44 巻 6 号 p. 752a
    発行日: 1992年
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 1992 年 44 巻 6 号 p. 752b
    発行日: 1992年
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
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