人文地理
Online ISSN : 1883-4086
Print ISSN : 0018-7216
ISSN-L : 0018-7216
48 巻, 6 号
選択された号の論文の7件中1~7を表示しています
  • 岡山県真庭地方を例として
    作野 広和
    1996 年 48 巻 6 号 p. 527-549
    発行日: 1996/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    This paper aims to identify the changes in the structure of surviving lower order centers in rural-mountain regions where the population continues to decrease as a process of increasing control by cities over lower order centers; and to clarify the mechanisms of the control. A case study was made of site development of retail businesses, manufacturing industries, and branch establishments of the service industry in Maniwa district of Okayama Prefecture. What follows is a brief overview of this paper and its conclusions.
    Local shopping areas, composed of independent retail stores whose operations depended on local demand, have lost their economic role to large-scale retail stores with local capital. In addition, large-scale retail stores with outside capital, whose head offices are located in Okayama or cities in other prefectures, have recently entered Maniwa district. The development pattern of these stores is in accord with the level of the centers. It can, therefore, be assumed that, in the same way as chain stores have spread, capital from higher-ranked cities has been gradually spreading to lower-ranked centers; and, this phenomenon started affecting lower order centers in the 1990s.
    With manufacturing industries, the establishment of factories by major firms or their subcontractors has significant meaning for lower order centers in that it produces great employment opportunities. These factories, however, are controlled and managed by outside regions.
    This pattern can also be seen in the site development of branch establishments which have the function of office work for the service industry. That is, there is a hierarchical control structure in which business establishments in nearby cities or prefectural capital areas locate branch offices in lower-ranked centers. At the same time, a pattern in which business establishments that have their main offices in a metropolitan region locate branch offices directly in lower order centers in depopulated rural-mountain regions was also observed.
    Thus, it can be concluded that lower order centers function not just as relatively decentralized lower-ranked centers. Rather, they also function as a medium of direct control over rural-mountain regions by metropolitan regions, through the connections between main offices located in national centers and the branch offices.
    In conclusion, the power of higher-ranked cities to control lower order centers through various channels is growing. These channels include large-scale retail stores and chain stores, the factories of manufacturing industries and subcontractors, and branch establishments which have the function of office work. Consequently, the autonomous nature of these centers, which is based on serving local needs, is being lost; and in its stead, a heteronomous control by higher-ranked cities can increasingly be observed.
  • 椿 真智子
    1996 年 48 巻 6 号 p. 550-568
    発行日: 1996/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    1. The Purpose
    The purpose of this study is to review past scholarly studies on modern reclamation settlements in Japan. After providing readers with a survey of past studies on the subject, the author offers some pertinent suggestions regarding the direction of future study of reclamation settlements.
    Modern reclamation settlements are defined as villages on fields newly developed in Japan and its former colonies (Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria and Micronesia) from the early Meiji Era to World War II. Because most of the settlements cannot be grasped as administrative units, the author will treat them as regional communities founded by new settlers, focusing on personal perceptions and thought of settlers.
    2. A Survey of Past Studies
    Past studies are divided into five categories in terms of objectives and viewpoints. (1) studies of colonial policy, (2) studies of landscape and economic geography, (3) studies of socio-economic history, (4) studies of social structure, and (5) studies of frontier spirit and culture.
    (1) Studies of colonial policy:
    The Meiji government encouraged reclamation of wild land to assist former samurai who had lost their income on account of the Meiji Restoration. These reclamation projects were undertaken during the last two decades of the nineteenth century. Most of them failed because of the poor condition of land and lack of farming skills. Up until the 1920's, the problems related to reclamation projects within Japan did not arouse interest among Japanese reseachers. Only the local governments, especially in Hokkaido, conducted studies of local history.
    With the expansion of Japanese overseas colonies since the late nineteenth century. Colonial Geography was established as a discipline in the 1930's. It placed an emphasis on the analysis of colonial policies and issues related to management of plantation agriculture. Scholars in the field of Colonial Geography studied the physical environment of colonial settlements.
    (2) Studies of landscape and economic geography:
    Geographical studies of this category can be divided into two branches: settlement pattern and agricultural management. The former includes studies of colonial settlements in Hokkaido and overseas colonies. Military farmer villages (Tondenhei-son) in Hokkaido, with a planned township system, became the main focus of studies in the 1930's. In overseas colonies, collective migration, which was practiced in Hokkaido, was discussed from the viewpoint of settlement plan.
    Agricutural management studies focus on subjects of land usage, agricultural management, landownership related to physical environment, and location factors. As to studies of the change of landscape and regional divisions with physical environment and agricultural patterns, scholars analyzed the differences in settlement patterns and agricultural management. They also discerned different characteristics of settlements shaped date of settlement origins of settlers.
    (3) Studies of socio-economic history:
    Studies of socio-economic history began in the 1930's. The impoverishment of rural settlements, which preceded the great depression and famine in the second half of the 1920's, initiated these studies. As noble families and wealthy merchants accumulated agricultural land in Hokkaido, tenant farming expanded. Scholars limited their discussions to the relationship between problems related to Japanese capitalism and land ownership before World War II. There were few discussions of the reclamation settlement. During the second half of the 1950's and the 1960's, the emphasis of historical studies of Hokkaido shifted from colonial policy to land ownership. Discussions concerning the concept of the marginal region, connected with regionality and history of Hokkaido, were developed.
    (4) Studies of social structure:
    Since the 1960's, studies of rural sociology analyzed social structure of reclaimed settlement in Hokkaido.
  • 近世における村落の変容とのかかわりから
    大平 晃久
    1996 年 48 巻 6 号 p. 569-583
    発行日: 1996/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 戸口 伸二
    1996 年 48 巻 6 号 p. 584-595
    発行日: 1996/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 礒永 和貴
    1996 年 48 巻 6 号 p. 596-611
    発行日: 1996/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 1996 年 48 巻 6 号 p. 612-618
    発行日: 1996/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 内藤 嘉昭
    1996 年 48 巻 6 号 p. 618-619
    発行日: 1996/12/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
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