The author pointed the next following out in this essay.
(1) The agriculture in Japan is consisted of family farm, and obtained 95% for family labour, 5% rest of it for employees. This 5% farm labour work concentrately about only 20 days in a year.
According to the census in 1950, there were 17, 000 regular employees, 3, 336, 000 seasonal migrants as a number of day's work, 61, 624, 000 day's work for dayman and 17, 212, 000 as a number of day's work for heler. Then farmers who own much land show to have many employees than poors. The busy farming season is filled by the seasonal migrants who remove revolutionaly.
(2) The demanded area for seasonal migrants is doted in Western Kanto, Tokai, Setouchi, Northern Kyushu and Hokkaido district. Then it is in civilized or modernized district for agriculture.
The supply area of migrants labour is in Tohoku, Hokuriku and Tosan district in Eastern Japan, and then Shikoku, Southern Kyushu in Western Japan is the same to that part of it, too.
Both of them is belong to un-civilized district and economicaly poor.
(3) Five types of supply and demanded area of farm labourers.
i) A type of the most largest area.
This type is contained with semi-colonial and large scale farm. (as Hokkaido), The quantity is largest and period of employment is longest, from April to November. As area of supply, it demands them to far distance (1000K.M)
ii) A type of the large area.
This type is contained with commercialized agriculture, as Shizuoka, Gumma, Okayama Prefecture.
Both it's quantity and period (1-3 months) is of the great. It demands, as area of supply, them to far distant place. The distance of migration is 100-700K.M
iii) A type of middle area.
This type is contained with suburban farm as Northern Kyushu.
It demands much quantity of employees, that is regular, seasonal and dayman.
And yet for the shortness for local labourers it demands them to for distant place. That is about 250K.M
iv) A type of small area.
This type is in area of paddy field in alluvial plains which is the most ordinal type in Japan.
The quantity of employees are innumerable but the period is short only within a week.
They are composed of almost of girls or women that is called “Saotome”
The scope of supply is very small (10-20K.M) and the way of contract have had only by old manners to be accustomed like private connection. And the custom of “Yui” still remain.
v) A type of the most smallest area.
This type has a character of the feudal remnant. Employees engaged in all the year round is called “Wakaze” “Kerekko” and extra employees “Yatoi” or “Sukenin”.
It remains un-modernized district in Tohoku and Southern Kyushu.
Supply and demanded area is very small that is limited only in the same community.

抄録全体を表示

Kitagawa village, which belongs to the present Agano village in Saitama prefecture, is situated on 16 ‘ri’ (64km) west of Edo. The author defined it as a suburban and opened mountain-village (Ist Rep.). Now I tried to analyze the economic conditions of Tokugawa Dynasty.
(1) The agricultural land is too small for about 80 inhabitants to live on, and the number of full self-supported farmer was only 10% of them. Moreover, the patty field was almost mething. (2) The products of commercial agriculture-cotton, tsumugi (pongee)-were only the remnant of their consumption. (3) The paper-making industry, which was the primary step of a house-hold one, was exported to the regional papermaking town, Ogawa. But by the depression of the Edo's patented commercial capital, this village was first damaged, because its geographical place was apart from the town. (4) The transportaion of timber and charcoal was developed by making available the river course which flew favourably towards Edo. But these profits were inclined to be accumulated to the hands of a few enterprisers of the village. (5) The land transportation routes by cattle and horse over 2 or 3 passes was actively used by many inhabitants to the nearest town, Ogose. They exchanged their products with rice and other daily commodities.
Therefore, these favourable and unfavourable physical conditions drove this village to contact with the outside world, above all Ogose and Edo. The result was that this village became a suburban & opened mountain one. But by the low productivity, the process of classification was little progressive.

抄録全体を表示

Okino-Shima is a small island, belongs to Kochi prefecture, on the southern part of the Bungo Channel. As this island is on the border line of Kochiand Ehime prefecture, it has been being to keep the peculiar characteristics as the historical, economical and cultural point of contact between the southern power and the northern one. This is also due to the double-sided natural characteristics of the island. The southern part of the Bungo Channel on which the island lies, is the transitional area between the Pacfic and the Seto Inland Sea. Temperature is high in this area, therefore this island has the oceanic characteristics as the wild growing place of the subtropical plants.
They got the abundant haul near the island, and fishing was the most important industry with agriculture. But now the main industry is agriculture with few fishing. They cannot extend their farm on the island, population comes also to the maximum. As the island is mountainious, the small terrace farm and the residential land is on the sharp slope. The most houses are low due to many starms.
Historically the island was included in the market area of Uwajima before the war, but during the war it was included into that of Sukumo artificially owing to the rationing system. As the sea transportation between the island and Sukumo has been facilitated, their economic relation has been closed. But now it is going to be included into the market area of Uwajima.

抄録全体を表示