At his first attempt, Nagakubo Sekisui planned a map of China called the “Daishin Koyozu” or Enlarged Map of China under the Ch'ing Dynasty. Published in 1785, this is a large-sized map (186×189cm), which, it is considered, was first composed according to the map of China in the “T'ien Ching Huo Wên” (Japanese reprint, 1730), revised and re-arranged further by referring to various maps of China both in the “Kuang Yü T'u” or Enlarged Terrestrial Atlas, and in the “Ta Ch'ing I T'ung Chih” (1744), to which were then added entries of historical events, old and new, on the authority of the “Rekidai Jiseki Zu” or Historical Map of China under Each Successive Dynasty (Japanese reprint, 1750).
As Sekisui was highly mindful of mathematical matters concerning geography, he could represent in this map the topographical features of China far more accurately than had been done in any other map of the same kind published before. In his case, however historical matters were of even more adsorbing interest, and as a serial to his first attempt, therefore, he brought out in 1790 an atlas of China called the “Todo Rekidai Shugun Enkaku Chizu” or Historical Atlas of Chinese Provinces and Districts under Each Successive Dynasty, ” with a view to providing the public with better and more detaited illustrations of place-names under each successive dynasty. This atlas consisted of thirteen leaves in all, twelve of them representing China and the remaining one East Asia. So far as topography is concerned, the former are merely simplified maps based on the previously published “Daishin Koyozu.” For information relative to historical records, the “Li Tai Ti Li Chih Chang T'u” was chiefly referred to. The unique characteristic of this historic atlas may be said to be that, unlike any of the same kind published before, land features were represented, with princedoms colored distinctively.
All of Sekisui's maps of China went through several impressions till nearly the middle of the 19th century, and besides, they were often reproduced in other publications, or copied and published with no alterations at all in some cases. They, therefore, played a very important part in cultivating the geographical knowledge of China among the Japanese people in the latter part of the Edo period.

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The solution of the city problems in Japan is one of the most important things in land planning. The chief object of this paper is to deal with cities in Kagoshima Prefecture, a so-called “backward Prefec-ture, ” which have suffered vicissitudes over two different periods, one being (A) the “Fumoto” period (times of the castle town, 1602-1869) and the other (B) the contemporary times (1869-), and to analyze and classify them to understand the characteristics of both types, and the distribution of the cities, and thus to contribute some materials for the impending problem of the cities which are to be solved in the coming years.
The elements analyzed of a city in the case of (A), are (1) the amount of Koku of rice produced in a Go (village), (2) the population of Shizoku (samurai) and Sotu (the footman soldier or servant to samurai) in a Go, (3) the standing army in the year 1870 when the militery government was established, (4) Kakushiki (the situation) and the power of defence of Fumoto (the little castle town) and (5) the facilities of the commercial transportation (e.g. stage, fair, harbour). Then, we define that each of these items gets a full mark, (100 maximum) and we can get valuations by percentage.
In the case of (B) the five items ((1) the population (2) the industry (3) the commerce (4) the communication (5) the culture and the sightseeing) and the thirty subitems are given. we also define that each of these items gets full malk, (100 maximum) and we arrive at the valuations by percentage. The figures are totalized and divided by thirty to get the average. The materials used in this paper are from the national and the prefectural statistical books and from some opinionaires.
The results of this research tell us that, in Kagoshima Prefecture which had been reformed from a han (a feudal domain) “Kagoshima han”, Kagoshima City where its prefectural office is so remarkably large as to be ranked in the top class of minor cities in all Japan, but other cities are small ones with no particular attraction of urban life. From the point of their distribution, in the “Fumoto” period the defencetowns on the prefectural border were large next to the castle towns, and after them came the defence-towns around Kagoshima City; nowadays they are annexed to that main city or have developed into little satellite towns.
In the middle region about 50km away from Kagoshima City, whence it is unusual that people come on shopping trips or commute to the central city, there are a few larger cities belonging to the A class of little cityies in our division, such as Sendai, Kanoya, which show some alterations from years to years. Generally speaking, in this prefecture, there are no tourist towns nor newly-developed industrial ones, so the distribution of the cities has scarcely changed, but remains almost as it had been in the “Fumoto” period. And so, the less-changing of the distributon of the cities is characteristic of Kagoshima Prefecture.

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In Japan the area of mulberry-fields which was grestest in 1930 has reduced very rapidly since that time, and the decay of mulberry-fields is remarkable in Western Japan. At present mulberry-fields are concentrated and remain in a limited area, particularly in the western part of Japan. Such a decline of mulberry-fields has had an influence on the utilization of land, especially that of farm fields. Some time ago I surveyed the region of mulberry-fields in the Yura valley of Kyoto Prefecture, and in the Hokusei district of Mie Prefecture, to explain the relation between the decrease of the area of mulberry-fields and the change of agricultural stracture, taking into consideration the local conditions that act upon the concentrated distribution of mulberry-fields.
Recently I have investigated the mulberry-fields of Kumamoto Prefecture, which has the broadest mulberry-fields in Western Japan.
The outline of these studies is as follows:
(1) The eminant districts of mulberry-fields in Kumamoto Prefecture are the basins of the Kikuchi and the Midori. The remaining mulberry-fields are distributed, topographically, into two parts: the hill land of the diluvial formation near the valleys, and the floodplains; and from the point of the constitution of arable land, they are not in the dominant areas of paddy fields or farm fields, but in regions where there are 40%-70% paddy fields. Formally we could see mulberry-fields along the seaside area and in the low land of the outskirts of Kumamoto. But recently they are concentrated in the middle basins of the Kikuchi and the Midori.
(2) In the region of mulberry-fields we could see, outwardly, that mulberry-fields compete with orchards, especially with those of citrus fruits and grapes, and they coexist with the breeding of cattle, particularly cows.
The former has played an important part in the decrease of mulberry-fields, and the latter in the maintenance of them.
(3) The remarkable decrease of the mulberry-fields in the seaside areas has been caused by the increase of orchards, particularly citrus fruits. At present the orchards are distributed principally upon the coastal region whose center is at the W. and N.W. foot of the Kinpo highlands, and lie scattered in inland area. Many an orchard has been transformed from mulberry-fields directly or indirectly.
Recently the orchards are spreading and encroaching upon the mulberry-fields. These tendencies are remarkable in seaside areas; meanwhile, in inland areas, the dimension of scatterd orchards is expanding as a ripple and competing with the surrounding mulberry-fields. Owing to the increase of the orchards, mulberry-trees and silk-worms are badly damaged by agricultural medicines scattered in the orchards, and labour is confined to the orchards. So it is difficult to maintain these two (the orchard and the mulberry-fields) concurrently.
(4) In Kumamoto Prefecture we could see cattle distributed at the foot of the Kyushyu-mountains, the islands and the Kikuchi, the Midori basins, . Inside the mulberry-field areas regionally the distribution of fields and cattle coincides, and farmers generally manage both together. Between them we could see positive coextence, for instance, farmers use their stable manure for mulberry-trees, and sericulturists give silkworms faces and litter for cattle, and they grow feed-crops among the mulberry-trees.
In the region of sericulture, when farmers breed cattle they regard the cattle as of mutual assistance to seliculture, and do not stress the point of labour.
(5) A farmer of sericulture has more employment cattle than one who has no sericultural interest; the former has not so many milkcows as the latter.
We could generally see positive interdependence between the seliculturist and the breeder of employment cattle, but with milking cows we could not see any positive interdependence, except in limited areas, due to the competition of labour.

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Two phases of an urban agglomeration, landscape and function, have made it possible to make both landscape studies and functional studies. Both of them are considered, fundamentally from the same point of view; that is, to comprehend cities and their related phenomena from spatial or areal aspects. The writer would support the latter viewpoint functional approaches so far as a grave view of the principles and theories should be taken concerning some spatial order, structure, and mechanism that would be recognized within the spatial or areal spread of phenomena, but not a mere description, classification, or explanation of circumstances of facts.
Some concepts concerning the urban function have been devised, which are helpful for an understanding of the mechanism of both a network of urban centers and each of those centers. It is possible now to grasp an urban region as the spatial spread of urban functions as a whole. In addition, social physics has recently progressed all the more. Those are contributory to the additional elaboration of central place concepts. An integration of two notions of both functional and homogeneous regions has been tried by A.K. Philbrick to connect successfully urban geography with regional conception in general. The metropolitanization schema or a systematized principles of metropolitan areas, is being established as compared with central place schema on the one hand; on the other hand, even a corroborative comparison between the two schemata has been already tried, and an example was given by B.J.L. Berry. It should not be long before an integrated schema for both central place schema and metropolitanization schema should be proposed, which might be called an urbanization schema.

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