Garden farming in Japan is, in some areas of the country, concentrating on the greenhouse development of agriculture and is being received favorably. One reason why this type of farming is making such great strides is because it is bringing farmers under mixed management with other agricultural branches: before greenhouse culture was introduced there were already regional difficulties.
The author considers in this article some of the main garden farming regions in Japan, and then refers to the process of regional formation and facts concerning mixed management. Greenhouse horticulture in the Kofu Basin is located 300m above sea level. This area is greatly subject to the influence of cold in the winter season as compared to regions normally located along many coastal warm districts. Melons have been widely cultivated without heating three times a year in that area since 1925. It stands out in sharp contrast to melon cultivation with heating apparatuses in Shizuoka Prefecture. Then, on ground of alluvial fan land, geographically there is not an advantage over the location of garden farming with the osmotic action (permeability) of water.
This report deals with the following three questions: at first the author involved consideration of “how to accommodate to unfavorable physical conditions” from various angles. Secondly, it accounts for silk worm culture concerning greenhouse horticulture and sericulture; the actual states of mixed management, and conditions of the development in greenhouse culture are restricted by the silk-raising industry. By introducing greenhouse culture in the traditional silk-worm culture, needless to say, the inclination of mixed managements, with their farmings marks the character of this area. Thirdly, though the area of greenhouse horticulture in Japan is getting more and more prosperous, a marked tendency to decrease its management size is seen lately with a few notable exceptions in this area. So we investigated their main causes thoroughly.
The Kofu Basin is cold in the winter season; it is absolutely necessary for those who would carry on greenhouse culture to enrich cheap and plentiful labour with the work of keeping warm. The author believes that their production on an enlarged scale by greenhouse culture has been less prosperous. Another condition is prevented by mixed management with the silkworm culture. According to the labour productivity and the rationalization of management, greenhouse culture in other places outside the area of the Kofu Basin is getting more and more prosperous. In this area, on the contrary, far from trying to expand production, the farm-houses occupied mainly with greenhouse culture have a tendency to decrease with the diversified classes.

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It is usually said that modern administrative towns and villages of Japan were brought into existence by the amalgamation of towns and villages in the 22nd year of Meiji (1889). But, by that time, the local government system had already undergone a great change and the division or amalgamation of towns and villages had been carried out on a large scale, little of which is known to the general public. If we treat this fact lightly, we will be apt to have a wrong opinion that hanseison (feudal village in Tokugawa Era) means oaza. But the fact is, this mistaken idea seems to be widespread among many geographers even now.
In this paper, the author trys to clarify this division or amalgamation of towns and villages in the early Meiji period quantitatively. Moreover, he demonstrates the following facts: in Yamanashi and Nagano prefectures (esp. the former Chikuma Prefecture) in which there were many cases where oaza was larger than hanseison, but on the other hand in the Kinki District, there existed a few cases where hanseison was larger than oaza.
From the seventh to the nineth year of Meiji, through both Yamanashi and Nagano prefectures, the amalgamation of towns and villages was enforced. After that, each of the former villages was called “Kumi” in Yamanashi Prefecture and “Kochi” in Nagano Prefecture. Though new administrative towns and villages were born in the amalgamation, yet in reality “Kumi” or “Kochi” formed a rural community, and the rural community, as usual, managed irrigation, communal forests, village festivals and so on. In this paper, the author takes up Toyoshina-Gun in Nagano Prefecture and Fujimi-Gun in Yamanashi Prefecture as samples of rural community, and analyze their structure closely.

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(1) 最近の水害は,淀川右岸のなかでもとくに合流点からほぼ1km上流にあたる支流堤防が決潰したために生ずることが多い。また支流域の「うち水」地帯の中では,芥川左岸が危険である。過去の記録が明確にそれを示している。
(2) 淀川左岸では天の川右岸低地が最も危険率が高い。河川の排水能力および排水路の系統,ポンプの排水能力から推しても同様の結果がでる。
(3) 宅地化の進展は,後背湿地にまでおよび,最も危険な地域に進出度が大きい。これは地価の変動と,中小建築会社はもちろん,府営や公団による宅地造成が大きい原動力となっている。とくに芥川左岸低地にこの傾向が強い。
(4) 氾濫原における新旧集落を比較すると旧集落のほうがいっそう敏感に洪水に対拠し,屋敷の高さを定めているのに対し,新集落はこの点にほとんど無関心であり,これが水害危険率を著しく高くしている。旧集落の大部分は自然堤防上に位置を占め,新住宅地はバックマーシュに進出し,このため全域の被災予想家屋数は著しく増加した。
以上により,淀川流域における最近の急激な宅地化に対し,土地利用上の強い指導と規制をはかることが,住民の福祉を増進するためにも急務と考えられる。筆者の研究が,無駄にならないよう切にのぞむしだいである。

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