人文地理
Online ISSN : 1883-4086
Print ISSN : 0018-7216
ISSN-L : 0018-7216
30 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の6件中1~6を表示しています
  • 位相地理学試論
    水津 一朗
    1978 年 30 巻 1 号 p. 1-16
    発行日: 1978/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    The surface of the earth (E), a region (Rm), and its components (e) should be defined in the set theory as follows,
    ERm, Rme, β=φe, φe=μφn
    on condition that e=sociotop, β=social function,
    φ=function of e, μ=function of n, and
    n=natural materials of e, (physiotop and ecotop).
    These expressions come out only through the behavior of a social group in Rm. There needs RmRmn in order to consider Rm a complex of various behavior spaces composed of e-group.
    fa: RmnVa|V=2-dimentional cross section of a complex of behavior spaces
    f-1: {Va, Vb, ……, Vo}→Rmn
    while it is only the valuable e-group in the actual field of activities that appear in the presence, some other e1, e2, ……disappear in the back. In process of action, en in focus takes turns and same one changes its scale and outline. From the facts that e1, e2……happen to turn inside out on one's return, we must consider still more that a behavior space is often transformed into a projective plane
    ha: VaV'a|h=projective mapping
    hafa: Rmn→V'a (1)
    h-1f-1: {V'a, V'b, ……, V'o}→Rmn
    When a means of transportation is on solid crossing, Rm becomes homeomorphic with a torus.Plane surface ACEFDB would be homeomorphic with a disk, if there were a means of transportation to connect A with C and E, B with D and E. But if a new multistory highway is constructed, the curved surface would be homeomorphic with a torus. More, suppose that a connection of A, D, F and of B, C, E is strengthened, a Möbius band's projective plane comes into existence. μ index, μ=e-v+p in graph theory, as well as value of Auler index, X(F)=v-e+f in topology, must change under high dimentional conditions of each curved surface.
    In the basic model according to the marketing principle postulated by W. Christaller, a service area of each central place corresponds to 2-dimentional plane formed by a dual graph of a planer graph which vertexes coincide with central places of the same order. But a network presented on the basic model ought to be considered to over 2-dimention, because it consists of a set of planer graph and daul graph. The new model of a service area is hier explained to take up the mechanism of s-dimentional manifold.
    If Rmn were to be supposed to keep a certain balance, it is impossible to pick up a cross section (V) as a net of hexagonal-shaped pattern (G), which is cut by Rmn. At least there needs a projective transformation,
    ε: VG (2)
    The relation between (1) and (2) might be explicated after the fact that this transformation proves to be correct in projective spaces of some regions. A part of Rmn's deeper structure is exposed by way of example of the uneven boundaries of regions based on the catastrophe theory of topology.
  • 中国地方を例として
    森川 洋
    1978 年 30 巻 1 号 p. 17-38
    発行日: 1978/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    Several methods for the regionalization of nodal and functional regions and the classification of hierarchical orders of central places have been developed recently. In order to understand clearly the characteristics of each of the following five methods the writer conducted such a study by using data for telephone calls among 66×66 areas in the Chugoku District, Southwestern Japan.
    The main results are summarized as follows:
    (a) Direct connection method. This method has been generally used to demarcate the tributary areas of central places and to classify the hierarchical order by analysing only the nodal flows without considering the indirect flows for each place. The regionalization using this method was not satisfactory, because telephone districts as a basic unit of the analysis were often established artificially. It seems better to rank the order of each place while comparing with the central place of the highest order, Hiroshima, in the research area.
    (b) Graph theory method. In this method as it was used by Nystuen and Dacey indirect flows were added to the analysis basing on the graph theory. However, some problems, like the mathematical assignment of indirect flows to each route and the indefiniteness of indirect connection, are encountered in considering the volume of total association for each area. Again, with this method as with the direct connection method, there are some problems in the hierarchical ordering of central places, because only the largest flows are utilized. However, since the analyses of both matrices B'(=Y+Y2+Y3) and B arrived at the same result, the usefulness of matrix B analysis was verified, In addition, Fig. 2 which shows the distribution of nodal regions analysed by this method, was almost the same as Fig. 1 which shows the regionalization by the direct connection method.
    (c) Functional distance method. This method is used to measure the accessibility between each area by using mean first passage time (MFPT), to classify nodal and functional regions and to clarify the hierarchical structure of central places. The regionalization of nodal regions by the cluster analysis among places of origin in the matrix of MFPT is similar to that analysed by the direct connection and graph theory methods, except for a tendency toward the isolation of one or two remote rural areas from the main groups (Fig. 5). On the other hand, the hierarchical ordering of each area by the cluster analysis among places of destination in the matrix of MFPT as well as among column vectors of average MFPT did not correspond to the central place order because they do not measure the centrality of places but the accessibility itself within the research area. In addition, many of the higher order centres were integrated to one group contrary to Christaller's theory.
    Moreover, since the elements of standardized column vectors of MFPT have no tendency to be extremely low to the neighbouring area of large central cities the neighbouring effect of functional distance is emphasized for the nodal regionalization using shortest functional distance and the nodal regions for large central cities tend to be delimited narrowly (Fig. 6).
    (d) Factor analysis method. Factor analysis (principal axis method with varimax rotation) as well as the functional distance method extracts functional regions based on the similarity of the patterns of places of origin or destination. Since the origin-destination matrix contains many zero values it is necessary for the factor analysis to approach the normal distribution by some means of transformation. In Fig. 7, which shows the spatial distribution of areas with factor loadings over 0.5 and standardized factor scores over 1.0 for each factor within 13 factors extracted by R-method, some partial overlappings occur to functional regions of small factors.
  • 日下 雅義
    1978 年 30 巻 1 号 p. 39-54
    発行日: 1978/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 中村 佐太郎
    1978 年 30 巻 1 号 p. 55-64
    発行日: 1978/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 台湾北部〓殻港地域を例にして
    陳 芳恵
    1978 年 30 巻 1 号 p. 65-79
    発行日: 1978/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
    Since irrigation is the most important way to maintain rice planting agriculture in rural Taiwan, irrigation was thought to be a suitable criterion for the recognition of functional region. According to this point of view, the development of irrigation system in an area concerns the change in the function as well as the need of people to sustain life and their value system in that particular area. Reformation of the irrigation system will be resulted when any of the causes changed.
    In order to clarify the change of the structure of the rural settlement derived from the functional change, Ko-Ko-Kang area was selected for a case study. This area is located at the western coast of Tao-Yuan Plateau, Northern Taiwan. It is occupied by the Chinese farmer since the eighteenth century. Because of the shortage of water resource, the farmers of this area depended on private pond irrigation or cultivated on rain-fed land for a long time. The development of irrigation was continued until very recently.
    The functional change at Ko-Ko-Kang area can be divided into four stages:
    (1) The establishment of San-Chi Canal irrigation area: This canal was constructed in 1794. Six villages along the stream were included into this private canal system. This group of villagers spoke Hakka, a dialect.
    (2) The end of the private canal and the establishment of Ko-Ko-Kang Canal area: During the Japanese occupied stage, larger private irrigation systems were registered as public canals controlled by the Japanese official authorities. So was the San-Chi Canal. Because of the difficulties in managing this small canal, the official authority enlarged the irrigation area by constructing a new irrigation system for the other four villages in the area. These four villages were located at the south of the San-Chi Canal.
    (3) The introduction of Kuang-Fu Canal: Since the water for the above mentioned canals were derived from the same stream, the problem of water resource was still retained. It was hard to harvest more crops in a year. Soon after the World War II, the Chinese government took the role as a coordinater in the irrigation organization. In 1950 the water of this area was supplemented by introducing surplus water from Tao-Yuan Canal, a big irrigation canal at the northern part of Tao-Yuan Plateau. The canal constructed for this purpose was called Kuang-Fu Canal. However, no great improvement was obtained and many rearrangements and reajustments were performeed. Finnaly, this area was organized into Tao-Yuan irrigation system and the whole plateau was united into a single irrigation system. The struggle in improving the water resource was no longer the work of village dwellers.
    (4) Shi-Men Dam and the Ko-Ko-Kang irrigation area: In 1963, Shi-Men Dam System was built for replacing Tao-Yuan Canal. Irrigation function was expanded to cover almost the whole area of the plateau. Rearrangements of the irrigation system at the Ko-Ko-Kang area were also taken: the new area consists of villages of San-Chi Canal and Ko-Ko-Kang Canal less the four villages at the upper part of San-Chi Canal. In the meantime, the method of irrigation was improved. The result of this work not only modernized the irrigation ditch and method, but also changed the landscape of the area. Moreover, the arable land was increased by the lands reclaimed from many small private ponds.
    The change of the interior structure of the villages is measured by the increase of population, by the population density on the arable land, and by the variation of arable land of the farmer. As a matter of fact, the change of the interior structure is correlated to the change and the acceleration of the irrigation system.
  • 1978 年 30 巻 1 号 p. 80-94
    発行日: 1978/02/28
    公開日: 2009/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
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