Kishû is a district on the Pacific coast in the west of the Kii Peninsula in Japan. In the early years of the modern times it was governed by the feudal lord Asano. A system of local administrative sections called ‘shô’ was established in those days. This division of ‘shô’ originated in the medieval manor. Under the lordship of Asano ‘shô’ generally contained eight villages.
When Tokugawa became the next lord of the district, the system of ‘shô’ was abolished, and in its stead the new system called ‘kumi’ was set down. ‘Kumi’ was much larger than ‘shô’, containing eighteen villages on the whole. In general, a village was composed of one comparatively large hamlet and several smaller ones. This large hamlet was called ‘honson’ or ‘hongô’, and smaller ones ‘shigô’ or ‘kona’.
A village had to offer to its lord 60% of the products of rice fields as taxes. There were some villages the taxes of which were allotted for the financial resources of the lord himself, and others the taxes of which were applied to the rations of his retainers. The former villages were called ‘okurasho’, and the latter ‘kyusho’. Both the richest and the poorest villages were appropriated for ‘okurasho’, but those of moderate means were ‘kyusho’. The retainers had no right to govern their ‘kyusho’. But the two most powerful retainers, Andô and Mizuno, had many villages over which they had power to govern and collect their taxes. There were two groups of these villages, one of which was ‘Tanabe-han’ and the other ‘Shingû-han’.
‘Shô’ established in the time of Asano lost its form as an administrative section in the Tokugawa era, but it retained some significance as religious atmosphere produced by a shrine in the life of villagers.
When Japan developed into a modern state in the era of Meiji, the sections of towns and villages grew amazingly enlarged. The local administrative sections in Kishû became almost as broad as ‘shô’ in the time of Asano. After. World War II, Japan has been under the necessity of enlarging the sections of towns and villages. As a result their sections have become nearly as large as ‘kumi’ in the days of Tokugawa.

抄録全体を表示

The seaside villages of Matoya Bay, located at the middle of the Shima Peninsula (Mie Prefecture), were known by the name of Matoya Oyster, which was comparable with Miyagi Oyster or Hiroshima Oyster. Moreover, this peninsula is so famous for the cultured pearl, especially at Ago area, that this Matoya area, standing very close to the place, it is inevitable to be influenced by that.
This paper has an aim to analyse the character of this area from the viewpoint of marine farmings, especially the relation between oyster culture and pearl culture.
Matoya Bay is very unique in topographical features, very remarkable drowned-valley: the length is over 10km from the entrance of this bay to the inner end, and the width is only about 100m at the narrowest part of channel, or at most 1200m at the mouth of the bay.
This bay is divided as follows:
Demension of water surface Depth of water
A) Izô-ura 2.0km² 1-3m
B) Channel part 2.5km² 3-7m
C) Mouth of bay 7.5km² 5-10m
On the total of this bay, it has about eight time's demension of the catchment of water, but at Izô-ura, the most inner part of this bay, the catchment area is over 35 times as wide as that of water surface. This fact is that, the bay is very much influenced by the rainfall, and it is not so good condition to pearl culture, but desirable to oyster culture, for these marine farmings depend on the salinity of water. From this point, it is thus considered that the part A is the most prosperous part of oyster fishing. Actually, it was so, till the oyster fishery did not develop to oyster culturing. But about 1930 (the early years of Shôwa), some epoch-making change came to this fishery. That is hang-down method of oyster culture. This method has been used on pearl culture about 50 years before, and, when it was applied to oyster, Izô-ura is too shallow to this mothod. Then, at this part, people gave up this fishing, and this part became only supplier of fishing labour of the other part, or the other labour.
Parts B and C, two marine farmings are standing now. It is a little dangerous to pearl, for the salinity of water is not always good for it. Nevertheless, as the profit of pearl culture is larger than the other, so it is generalized at this parts of Motoya, at some risk, especially after the war. During the wartime, pearl culture was prohibited, while oyster culture was promoted, this parts of bay were filled by rafts of oyster, but now they are altered by rafts of pearl.
Now Matoya area is no longer the place of oyster production, but it shows the aspect of Ago area, and pearl culture is much attractive to these villages.

抄録全体を表示

In studying the history of the construction of rice-fields in the Kochi Plains, I divided it into the following four periods; the Primitive Age, the Remote Age, the Medieval Feudal Age and the Modern Feudal Age. Especially I took up the construction of the irrigation ditches as the fundamental condition for the cultivation of rice-fields. Furthermore, laying stress on the relation to the administrative power which made the construction of the irrigation ditches possible, I summed up the features of each period as follows-the Primitive and the Medieval as the constructive period of the irrigation ditches on a small scale by separated power, and, the Remote and the Modern as the constructive period of the irrigation ditches on a large scale by concentrated power.

抄録全体を表示

In 1955, I have studied the structure of communication in Kôga district, Shiga Prefecture.
Tokaido (National Highway No.1), Tsuge-Kusatsu line (The Prefectural Road No.91), and Kusatsu line (J.N.R.) pass through this district. Moreover, this district is united by natural condition, so that it is suitable for a geographical survey.
The conclusion I arrived at is as follow:
1. This district is localized by its natural circumstances which form obstacles to mass transportation.
2. As upper strata of communication, this district belongs to Urban Zone and Commercial Zone of Kyoto-Otsu Area.
3. As middle strata, the network of bus-transportations is developing in this district, which has railroad stations as cores. The bus network also forms the regional structure of Minakuchi area.
4. As lower strata, daily communication is done by cycles which have 2-4km radius from the local cores. This makes the daily communication zone (you may regard this term as commercial zone or consumption zone), and its form is concerned with the road network.

抄録全体を表示