Purpose: To investigate the first CEO (1959-1983) of American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA), Dr. William S. Apple's activities in APhA and influences on and contributions to the pharmaceutical profession. Methods: Primary sources: APhA's website, 150 Years of Caring (A Pictorial History of the American Pharmaceutical Association), an APhA publication, and others. Results: Dr. Apple worked on pharmaceutical services and these activities of the APhA have influenced the pharmaceutical profession. In addition, Dr. Apple?s contributions to APhA publications and establishment of the APhA Foundation have contributed to the expansion of the role of pharmacists working in pharmacies. Many themes and committee reports have been reviewed and implemented under the leadership of Dr. Apple. The Physician Ownership In Pharmacies and Drug Companies court case led to the organization of legal and political challenges to advance the pharmaceutical profession. Conclusion: Dr. Apple has made significant contributions to many areas of the APhA and is respected by pharmacists and other medical professionals in the United States. He has also influenced the Japanese pharmaceutical system and has contributed to the education and practice of pharmacists in Japan.

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Objective: This article discusses the influence caused by the leaders of the Fushimiya Ichibei Company (later, Ono Pharmaceutical CO., LTD.) during the Meiji and Taisho Eras. Method : The paper surveys company history, memoirs, and industry history. Results : Fushimiya Ichibei (later, Ono Ichibei) performed important negotiations against governmental organizations about the rules of the pharmaceutical industry. These contributed to establishing the foundations for medicine dealers who tended to adapt to new systems. Conclusion : Three leaders of the company had preserved their business and contributed to the progress of Doshomachi during the turbulent times. Their activities also became the basis of the innovation later made by Yuzo Ono.

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Objective: The Author examined Mitsuru Uchiyama's life through the lens of the sense of mission and responsibility forged by encounters and partings. Method: The posthumous collection of writings by Seiichi Okui, titled Life, was received from Mrs. Tomiko Okui. The information on Mitsuru Uchiyama’s words and thoughts was investigated using literature, books, websites, and other materials. Results and Discussion: The study was divided into four periods: 1) From birth to student years: Born in 1930 as the eldest son in Hyogo Prefecture (present-day Ashiya City). In 1947, he entered the Science Otsu Course at the former Tokyo High School, graduating in March 1949. April 1949: Enrolled in the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Division II of Science at the University of Tokyo. On July 7, 1958, he was awarded a Doctor of Pharmacy degree from the University of Tokyo. His doctoral thesis Research on the Prevention of Internal Contamination by Radioactive Strontium was supervised by Professor Chunoshin Ukita of the University of Tokyo. Chunoshin Ukita passed away suddenly at the age of 57. 2) Tohoku University Years: Seiichi Okui was raised in a Christian family and maintained a faith based on I am the way, the truth, and the life (John 14:6). In 1965, Professor Seiichi Okui passed away at age 45. With this parting, Professor Mitsuru Uchiyama's worldview, scientific philosophy, and social theories were forged. 3) National Institute of Health Sciences era: Published Statement: What is Regulatory Science? 4) From the Society of Japanese Pharmacopoeia to the Council on Pharmacists Credentials Pharmacist Certification System: Valuing encounters, constructing those sentiments into one's own words, encouraging and offering guidance to foster a sense of mission and responsibility as a pharmacist, and contributing to the establishment of lifelong learning for pharmacists.

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Purpose: In this study, the author conducted a search in literature for qualitative and quantitative analysis of alkaloids contained in Passiflora sp. (mainly P. incarnata). From this literature search, the author investigated the types (chemical profiles) and amounts of harmane alkaloids (beta-carboline alkaloids) contained in Passiflora sp. (mainly P. incarnata), and furthermore, their psychopharmacological activity. The author then considered the contribution of harmane alkaloids to the neuropsychiatric effects of Passiflora sp. Finally, the author compared the composition and amount of harmane alkaloids contained in Passiflora sp. (mainly P. incarnata) with those of Peganum harmala, a known hallucinogenic plant, and considered the possibility of serious health hazards posed by harmane alkaloids. Method: Among the several references the author has used in their historical research on Passiflora sp., the Costa, et al. (2016) paper was the only one that included a research report on alkaloid analysis. The author searched for information about alkaloids contained in Passiflora sp. in Costa, et al. (2016) and the references used therein. In connection with this, the author also searched the web for information about Peganum harmala and harmane alkaloids (beta-carboline alkaloids). Results: Research reports on the harmane alkaloid content of Passiflora sp. since 1980 have shown that the concentrations are lower than those reported up until the 1970s. In comparison with Peganum harmala, the beta-carboline alkaloid content in Peganum harmala, the % w/w level is significantly higher than the parts-permillion (ppm) level in P. incarnata. The research results have also shown that beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmane alkaloids easily pass though the blood-brain barrier and bind to and interact with receptors for benzodiazepines, serotonin, and dopamine, and that they have a wide range of psychopharmacological effects, including antidepressant, central stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects, by regulating the metabolism and concentrations of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain through their MAO-A inhibitory action. On the other hand, beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmane have been shown to bind to benzodiazepine receptors in the GABAA receptor-benzodiazepine receptor system, attenuating or reversing the inhibitory effects of GABA, including its anticonvulsant effect. Conclusion: Harmane alkaloids (beta-carboline alkaloids), such as harmane contained in Passiflora sp., are present at very low concentrations, at the ppm level. However, at this concentration level, harmane and other harmane alkaloids may act as GABAA receptor inverse agonists (negative allosteric modulators) and induce effects opposite to the GABA inhibitory action, such as anxiogenesis and central nervous system excitation. Therefore, the authors speculate that the mild psychoneurotic effects of Passiflora sp. may be due to trace amounts of harmane alkaloids controlling the excessive GABAergic inhibitory effect of aglycones such as apigenin at GABAA receptors.

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Object and Method: The Touyou-idoukai was established during the Showa era. However, its existence and activities have rarely been discussed in the history of Kampo medicine. By deciphering the journal Koukanikai, this study examines the aims and claims of the Touyou-idoukai, as well as the social and ideological background surrounding its establishment. Result and Conclusion: The Kampo revival movement led by the Touyou-idoukai differed from earlier movements in that it gained support from individuals outside the medical profession. The background suggests the influence of the rise of Asianism ideology and the presence of a socially recognized population of sick people. Although Kampo doctors were responsible for directing the group's activities, the publication of specialized journals, active petition campaigns, and other initiatives advanced the broader goals of the Kampo revival. In particular, the Kampo practices of Kyushin Yumoto, Kenzou Okuda, and others directly benefited public health. Furthermore, these efforts represented an important attempt in the early stage of the Kampo revival movement prior to World War II.

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Objective: In Japan, where Kampo medicine is not legally recognized, yet Kampo medicines are distributed as medicines, it can be said that there is an urgent need to educate medical professionals working in the field, especially pharmacists, about Kampo medicine. Western medicine and Kampo medicine are based on fundamentally different theoretical systems, so they should be clearly distinguished to avoid confusion, and Kampo medicine should be practiced by strictly adhering to traditional methodology. In a situation where there are so many items related to Western medicine, it is also necessary to streamline Kampo medicine education. Method: By referring to papers on attempts to educate people about Kampo medicine at medical and pharmaceutical universities and surveys of pharmacists’ attitudes, we will identify the skills related to Kampo medicine required in the field. Furthermore, based on the author's lecture experience, we will create a new classification of prescriptions as a model that is easy to teach in a short amount of time. Additionally, by unraveling the history of Kampo prescriptions, we will prove that this model does not deviate from the scope of traditional medicine. Results and Discussion: In this paper, we present a new classification method for formulas that combines the classification of Complement and Purification with a 3D model (the axis of cold and heat, the axis of moistness and dryness, and the axis of circulation and inhibition) to allow students to learn Kampo theory more easily and rationally. We will also demonstrate that this classification method does not deviate from the scope of traditional medicine. Naturally, training for pharmacists in the field will be of great use in university education in medical and pharmaceutical fields.

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Purpose: The definition of Paeoniae Radix is so unclear that there are differences in the original plants and processing methods between Japan and China. This study clarified the history of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Meijo University's contributions to the quality assurance of crude drugs as an academic institution, by organizing specimens of Paeoniae Radix-related crude drugs in the Specimen Room of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Meijo University. Method: This study organized specimens of Paeoniae Radix-related crude drugs in the Specimen Room of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Meijo University and compared them with the historical changes of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia standards. Result: The Specimen Room of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Meijo University had a collection of Paeoniae Radix-related crude drug specimens of various cultivars, processing, and production area. Specimens of various cultivars and processed products grown at Meijo University were collected. Many marketed products with different lot numbers were collected before and after the change in the description of origin of the Paeoniae Radix in the 14th revision of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia and the addition of provisions for peoniflorin content in the 12th revision. Conclusion: The specimens of Paeoniae Radix-related crude drugs in the Specimen Room suggested that the Faculty of Pharmacy of Meijo University could have contributed to the quality assurance of crude drugs by conducting research and education in terms of cultivation of medicinal plants, production of crude drugs, and regulation of marketed products.

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Objective: Examining the steps taken by the Japan Pharmaceutical Association and the movement for separation of medical and pharmaceutical services in pre-war Japan. Methods: This article describes the achievements of the past presidents of the Japan Pharmaceutical Association in pre-war Japan. Result and Conclusion: While the right of pharmacists to dispense medicines was secured after World War II, it was revealed that the sincere efforts of the Japan Pharmaceutical Association in pre-war Japan laid the foundation for this.

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The Musee grenoblois des Sciences medicales and the Jardin Dominique Villars in Grenoble, along with the Musee Francois Tillequin in Paris, were visited during a research trip to France in February 2025. This paper presents observations and impressions gained at these institutions, which are related to medical and pharmaceutical history.

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