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Volume 34 (1993)
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Volume 34, Issue 4
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Comparison with Normal SubjectsMasako Tateishi1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 322-329
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to explore the structure of semantic fields in aphasic patients using word association. Three word association tests including free word association, controlled association and similarity judgment task were administered to 90 chronic aphasic patients (30 anomic, 30 Broca's and 30 Wernicke's) . The data were compared with those of 20 normal controls. The results were as follows:
1) In free word association, the aphasic patients showed significantly fewer popular responses than the normal subjects.
2) The aphasic patients made fewer paradigmatic associations than the controls.
3) The patterns of word associations in the aphasic group had a tendency to change according to frequency of occurrence and abstraction level of the stimulus words.
4) In the similarity judgment task, the aphasic patients showed a different pattern of responses from that of the normal subjects. It was suggested that these findings reflected differences in the words relationship between aphasic patients and normals.View full abstractDownload PDF (1108K) -
Atsushi Kawano, Masae Shiroma, Sotaro Funasaka1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 330-337
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSpeech tracking scores counted in bunsetsu/minute (bpm) were analyzed for 15 patients using 22-channel cochlear implants. Tracking scores were measured individually at intervals of about 1, 3, 5, 8 and 12 weeks after the initial tune-up, under three conditions : cochlear implant alone (CI), lip reading alone (LR) and cochlear implant plus lip reading (CI+LR) . Tracking scores under CI and CI+LR increased along with rehabilitation. At about 12 weeks the average tracking scores were 11.9 bpm for CI, 4.7 bpm for LR and 27.4 bpm for CI + LR. There were significant correlations-particularly in CI + LR and CI-between tracking scores and speech perception scores using recorded materials. These results suggested that speech tracking could be a useful method to assess a person's ability of verbal communication.View full abstractDownload PDF (949K) -
Yasuo Endo, Hideki Kasuya1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 338-341
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe compared perturbation parameters which have been frequently used to quantify variations in the fundamental period (frequency) and amplitude sequences of the pathological voice. The parameters included jitter/shimmer factor, perturbation quotient and jitter/shimmer parameter. The comparison was made in terms of the relationship of these parameters with perceptual judgments made on the GRBAS scale by a well-trained otolaryngologist. Experiments with 52 test vowels sustained by patients with laryngeal cancer, vocal fold polyp and recurrent nerve paralysis have shown that the jitter/shimmer parameter has the closest relationship with the perceptual impression of the pathological voice.View full abstractDownload PDF (481K) -
—Study of speech development in two normal boys—Manna Iwata, Ichiro Tsukuda1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 342-348
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo understand the language development process, the functions of word imitation were studied as found in free talk between two normal boys at age 18 to 27 months. The following findings were obtained.
The infants imitated words most frequently at 20-21 months, when about 20% of their speech consisted of imitation. Frequency of imitation gradually declined until it fell under 2% of all words after 24 months.
The functions of imitation were a) urged imitation by an adult, b) echolalia, c) meaningful imitation as language development, including ; (1) imitating parallel talk, (2) enjoying repetition of sounds or rhythm, (3) asking back, replying or commanding by imitation, (4) repeating words jestingly.Throughout the development of the functions of imitation, (1) (2) were always produced frequently. Therefore, (1) (2) appear to serve to stimulate a child to imitate, and clearly suggest participation in the language development process.
Morphological change in imitation developed as follows : initially part of a word, then a whole word, then two words, then conjugations or antonyms, and finally imitation included in spontaneous speech. This process indicates that imitation progresses in language development as a communication tool.View full abstractDownload PDF (855K) -
Yasuo Endo, Hideki Kasuya1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 349-353
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSustained vowels used in acoustic analysis of pathologic voice cannot always be considered stationary when they are uttered by patients with heavy dysphonia. It is desirable, therefore, to perform acoustic analysis taking nonstationariness into account. When otolaryngologists make perceptual assessments of sustained vowels, they tend to focus attention on specific intervals in the nonstationary vowel sound. We propose a method (segmentation) to extract the intervals for acoustic analysis to which we think they pay attention. We apply this method to perturbation analysis of fundamental period and amplitude sequences and show that closer relationships can be obtained between perturbation parameters with segmentation and perceptual impression than those without segmentation.View full abstractDownload PDF (618K) -
Analysis of Speechless Children Using Acquisition Model of Expressive LanguageTsuneo Satake, Naomi Iizuka, Junko Itoh, Takeshi Tohkawa1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 354-373
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe development of expressive language in four speechless autistic children was reported. They suffered mild to moderate mental retardation, and in contrast to relatively good speech comprehension, they were speechless at the starting period of their intervention programs (age 4-6) .
Their developmental process was analyzed using the “acquisition model of expressive language, ” which was designed to analyze the features of the process by which expressive language is acquired, correlating roles of gestures, letters and speech imitation. Analyses demonstrated that all four children acquired oral expression following the same sequential order : 1) expressive gesticulate signs, 2) imitation of oral movement or single syllables, 3) utterance of polysyllabic words with the support of Kana letters, 4) imitation of polysyllabic words without the support of letters, 5) spontaneous utterance of polysyllabic words without the support of letters. These results indicated that there exists a subtype of severe developmental expressive language delay which consists of autistic children who follow the sequential order of expressive language acquisition mentioned above.
Correlates with severe expressive language delay were also discussed. (Children with severe expressive language delay : speech-delayed children who can at least understand two-word combinations but can speak less than a few words, including children with autism or mental retardation.)View full abstractDownload PDF (2942K) -
—control during voiced consonant—Kazutomo Kitajima1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 374-379
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study explored the role of transglottal pressure on the lowering of vocal fundamental frequency (Fo-lowering) during voiced plosive/b/ production. The subjects were 3 males and 3 females. Magnitudes of Fo-lowering were recorded under two different conditions : 1) when the vocal tract was abruptly interrupted during sustained phonation, and 2) when/i : bi : /was uttered. There was no consistent relation between the magnitudes of Fo-lowerings obtained under these two different conditions. In other words, Fo-lowering during /b/ production could not be explained by changes of transglottal pressure only. This implyies positive participation of the laryngeal muscles in the mechanism of Fo-lowering.View full abstractDownload PDF (628K) -
Etsuyo Tamura, Satoshi Kitahara, Michiya Sato, Tetsuzo Inouye1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 380-386
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInjectable collagen has conventionally been used for vocal fold augmentation in human subjects. One inherent problem with this treatment, however, has been the persistence of implants after injection.
To explore this problem, injectable collagen, 3% atelocollagen extracted from a calf, was injected into both the lamina propria and muscle layers in canine vocal folds. A histologic study was performed one year postoperatively.
We were unable to detect evidence of significant foreign body reaction and migration during the follow-up period. However, two patterns of reaction were seen : 1. cellular infiltration, 2. colonization by host fibroblasts and nourishing capillaries. In immunohistochemical study it was revealed that when the implanted collagen is colonized by host cells, the immunologic features of the implant are preserved.View full abstractDownload PDF (8571K) -
Setsuko Ogawa, Toshio Hosaka1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 387-393
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffective communication methods were explored for an aged, multiinfarcted stroke patient who exhibited severe dysarthria which left him incapable of vocal communication. The patient was quadriplegic, which precluded alternative modes of communication such as writing or direct pointing on a Japanese syllabary board. A computerized communication aid operated by scanning for the Japanese syllabary characters with a puff-switch control was initially introduced to the patient, but he refused to use it because of his feeling of incapacity in operating novel and complex equipment. We then turned to a simpler device that uses a gaze pointing system. We made the device using a clear acrylic board on which the 50 Japanese syllabary characters were written, five in a row. The therapist held this device at the level of the face and looked through the board to catch the patiens's gaze. The patient was instructed to look at the syllabary character he wanted to indicate. The therapeutic environment was organized in such a way that the patient could enjoy his newly acquired skill to communicate in augmentative mode. By the end of the treatment voluntary use of the device was established, which resulted in an improvement in the patiens's Quality of Life (QOL) . He exhibited broader interests in life, showed a positive attitude to face his own disability, and even composed Japanese Tanka poems using the device.View full abstractDownload PDF (2615K) -
Satoshi Imaizumi, Akiko Hayashi, Toshisada Deguchi1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 394-401
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSListener adaptive characteristics in speech production were investigated by analyzing spoken dialogue between teachers and children. Dialogue was recorded during a game through which four teachers were asked to assess the speech perception of three hearing-impaired and four normally-hearing children. The following results were obtained. 1) The way of task explanation and used sentences were changed depending on whether the children were hearing-impaired or not. The teachers used more simple sentences and obtained more responses with the hearing-impaired than for the normally-hearing children. 2) The temporal structure of spoken sentences was also significantly changed. For the hearing-impaired, the teachers tended to lengthen syllable duration and to insert pauses in phonological phrase boundaries.
These results suggest that the teachers controlled their speaking style to help the hearing-impaired understand dialogue. Listener oriented adaptation of speaking style seemed to affect the processes in speech production planning, including grammatical encoding by which sentences are formulated, and articulatory programming by which the temporal structure of speech is determined.View full abstractDownload PDF (907K) -
Masaki Nishio1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 402-416
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA severely dysarthric speaker (speech intelligibility=0%) was given speech rehabilitation at the levels of impairment, disability and handicap as based on the model of chronic disorders. At the level of impairment, a physiological approach was applied as the treatment procedure. Major results included the following.
1) Physiological treatment directed at the impairment resulted in a marked reduction in degree of disability-speech intelligibility and articulatory adequacy.
2) Approaches aimed at disability likewise resulted in an improvement in articulatory adequacy as well as dysprosody. As a result, the patient's single word intelligibility score increased to 97.5% at the time of discharge from speech treatment.
3) There was a marked discrepancy in severity between the disability and handicap levels; therefore reducing the handicap became an important task in the final stage of the clinical course.
These results indicated both the effectiveness of the physiological approach and the clinical need for a broad perspective as shown in the model of chronic disorders.View full abstractDownload PDF (1783K) -
Yoko Shimura, Satoshi Imaizumi1993 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 417-424
Published: October 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSListener and context effects in perception of emotional aspects of infants' vocalizations were reported. Three groups of listeners, consisting of mothers, care takers and students, judged the emotional aspects of infants' voice samples under two contexts representing two different conditions of the infants. Statistical analyses for the rating scores showed the following results.
1) One factor which showed no listener or context dependency was extracted through principal factor analysis. This factor could be interpreted to represent the contrast between “pleasure” and “speech” vs. “anger”, “fear” and “crying”.
2) Two other factors, contrasting “happiness” and “laughter” vs. “sadness” and “need”, or “amae” vs. “refutation”, were also extracted, but these factors showed significant listener and context dependency.
3) Context dependency differed among the listener groups. The rating scores of “positive” conditions by the student group could be predicted from those of “negative” context using a regression line, but those of the mothers and care takers could not.
These results indicate that, although listeners with different experiences perceive emotions from infants' vocalizations differently depending on the context, there in an invariant factor for which all listeners behave in a common way with least context effect.View full abstractDownload PDF (888K)
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