The Japan Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics
Online ISSN : 1884-3646
Print ISSN : 0030-2813
ISSN-L : 0030-2813
Volume 36, Issue 3
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
  • Isao Ueda
    1995 Volume 36 Issue 3 Pages 331-337
    Published: July 20, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    There have been a considerable number of attempts to apply Natural Phonology, either explicitly or not, to the phonological disorders of children. These attempts, whether they are assessment tests or therapeutic programs, are referred to as“Natural Process Analysis”or“Phonological Process Analysis”.This approach has several defects, however, both theoretical and clinical. In this article I discuss a number of problems pertinent to Natural Process Analysis from the standpoint of linguistics. First, a brief outline of Natural Phonology is provided, followed by an examination based upon phonology. Second, one functionally-disordered system is presented for which Natural Process Analysis fails to give a plausible account, thus illustrating that there is a limitation to this analysis. Finally, on the basis of the discussion, rough guidelines are presented for clinical application of Natural Process Analysis.
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  • Shigenobu Iwata, Kenji Takeuchi, Yoshihiro Iwata, Hidetugu Kojima, Tos ...
    1995 Volume 36 Issue 3 Pages 338-349
    Published: July 20, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We studied the regulatory mechanism for vocal intensity by aerodynamic phonatory examination, including direct extraction of subglottic pressure through the glottis. PS-77 phonatory test equipment and the PI-100 phonatory analyzing system were applied to measure air flow rate, pitch and intensity of voice, subglottic pressure, glottal resistance, subglottal power and laryngeal efficiency.
    9 normal subjects (4 males and 5 females) were tested in the following ways:
    1) easy phonation for several seconds:
    2) phonation from weak to louder (crescendo) continuously within one breath, keeping the same pitch level in the chest and falsetto registers.
    Results: In the easy phonation, the values of subglottic pressure, glottal resistance, laryngeal efficiency showed no difference between males and females, but the values of subglottic power in men were larger than those in females.
    In the crescendo in the chest register, values of subglottic pressure, glottal resistance, glottal power and laryngeal efficency increased linearly, but the air flow rate did not change intensity increased. In the falsetto register, high values were observed for air flow rate, subglottic pressure, glottal resistance and glottic power, while a low value of laryngeal efficiency was observed compared to the chest register at the same intensity level.These parameters all increased in parallel with increasing intensities, with close correlations.
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  • Takayuki Arai, Keiko Okazaki, Setuko Imatomi
    1995 Volume 36 Issue 3 Pages 350-354
    Published: July 20, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Using several models for synthesizing speech, we tested human perception of certain synthetic sounds to verify already published characteristics of palatalized articulation (PA) . In the mono-syllable [sm] uttered with normal articulation, part of the fricative sound [s] was replaced by synthetic noise. The following three models were used to synthesize [s] . The first model is a bandpass filter which has a pass band in a specific frequency range. The cutoff frequencies were shifted in intervals from low to high, while the bandwidth was fixed. The second model is an all-pole model with second-order linear predictive (LP) analysis. To implement this filter partial correlation (PARCOR) coefficients were used. The frequency of the Poles was shifted in intervals from low to high. The third model is an all-pole model using higher order LP analysis for a typical PA of [s] . Each filter is excited by white noise to synthesize the fricatives. The hearing discrimination of nine speech therapists formed the data for the perceptual experiment ; they were each requested to indicate what they heard. Their replies were categorized as : “ [s] ”, “ [∫], ”“ the PA of [s], ”or“other”. From the results we concluded: 1) the first model is not appropriate for synthesizing the PA of [s] ; 2) fricatives, which have a peak in the range of 2-3kHz, tend to be identified as the PA of [s] when synthesized by the second model : and 3) fricatives synthesized by the third model uning sixth or higher order LP tend to be identified as the PA of [s] .
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  • —Delayed Children Using a Videotaped Assessment Procedure
    Noriko Ainoda, Keiko Izumi
    1995 Volume 36 Issue 3 Pages 355-359
    Published: July 20, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The value of maternal verbal stimulation to a language delayed child in daily living in enhancing the child's language skills cannot be overstated. Clinicians observe, however, that many mothers encountered in clinical situations are at risk for poor communicative attitudes. For mothers who respond poorly to conventional programs like giving verbal advice or showing models, we developed a weekly 10-session program. The program was based on videotaped information on each mother's verbal behavior toward her child, which was evaluated by both clinicians and the mothers themselves independently according to a 5-item checklist.
    We applied this program to seven mothers of language-delayed children of various degrees, causes and symptoms. All mothers wrote of positive effects from our program in questionnaires, although two of them showed no improvement in scores in the videotaped assessment. The post training score of one mother was much higher than that accorded by the clinicians. Pre-/post-training scores by the clinicians did not always agree with those by the mothers.
    An advantage of our systematic training program was the mothers' contributions to the evaluation procedures using the same checklists as used by the clinicians. Future research should focus on flexible contents of the checklist, depending on each mother's behavioral patterns, so as to enable presentation of target behaviors for training.
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  • Yoshiji Kojima, Kenichi Uemura
    1995 Volume 36 Issue 3 Pages 360-364
    Published: July 20, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We applied a technique to facilitate the swallowing reflex in six dysphagic patients. Five patients showed improved swallowing time. As this technique was able to evoke repeated swallowing movements in dysphagic patients, it is seen to be useful for maintaining and strengthening the mobility of musculatures for swallowing.
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  • Yoko Shimura, Satoshi Imaizumi
    1995 Volume 36 Issue 3 Pages 365-371
    Published: July 20, 1995
    Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The developmental aspects four an infants' adility to express emotions through vocalizations were studied based on perceptual rating experiments involving nine vocalization-and emotion-related reference words. Perceptual rating scores for 200 voice samples recorded from four infants at 2 months of age were compared to those for 517 voice samples recorded from six infants at 6, 9, 12 and 17 months of age. Three factors representing emotional contrast—between crying/frightened/sad and laughing/pleased/happy; between shouting/surprised and whispering/calm; and between speaking and singing-were extracted by factor analysis. Even at 2 months of age, there were significant individual differences in the extracted factor scores, although there was less variability compared to scores obtained from the elder infants. These results may indicate that infants even at 2 months of age can express some emotional contrast through vocalization.
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