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Volume 44 (2003)
- Issue 4 Pages 253-
- Issue 3 Pages 165-
- Issue 2 Pages 111-
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Volume 44, Issue 2
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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Satoshi Imaizumi2003 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 111-118
Published: April 20, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecent functional brain imaging studies have provided new insights into the neural processes of speech production which deepen our knowledge on the underlying neural mechanisms of speech disorders such as stuttering. Observed differences in functional brain maps between stuttering and nonstuttering speakers and between fluent and disfluent speech have retested long-held theories with regard to the neural deficit underlying developmental stuttering, such as problems in the non dominant motor area and the auditory self-monitoring system, and allowed researchers to develop specific enhanced hypotheses. This paper summarizes the evidence available to date, and the strengths and limitations of the available data are discussed by way of outlining the future research directions.View full abstractDownload PDF (4299K) -
Yoshiaki Ozawa, Osamu Shiromoto, Fumiko Ishizaki, Jun Hasegawa, Hanae ...2003 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 119-130
Published: April 20, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe developed a single-word intelligibility test capable of estimating the intelligibility level and assessing types of articulatory errors underlying the reduced intelligibility of a speaker. The test was designed for Japanese speakers with articulation disorders based on the idea of Phonetic Intelligibility Testing proposed by Kent et al. (1989) . The present study investigated the clinical usefulness of our test based on its administration to 10 speakers with dysarthria. Fifty college students participated in the experiment as judges (five for each speaker) . They listened to 10 dysarthric speech samples of 80 words, and were instructed to guess which of five presented words was uttered by the speakers. The five words consisted of one word read by the speakers and four words which contained a phoneme different from the word read by the speakers. The results indicated high intrajudge and interjudge reliability using the test, while significant relativity with other word level intelligibility test suggested that our test is valid for quantifying the intelligibility of dysarthric speech. Articulatory error analysis using the 24 phonetic contrasts was shown to offer useful information when clinicians plan a rehabilitation approach. For example, our test demonstrated that two speakers who showed the same intelligibility level exhibited different patterns of articulatory errors. We concluded that our test is a useful measure for clinical assessment of articulatory disorders.View full abstractDownload PDF (1379K) -
Junko Kozuka, Akira Uno, Yoshiko Kita2003 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 131-137
Published: April 20, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe investigated changes in the error patterns of picture naming in a girl with acquired childhood aphasia (ACA) who manifested neologisms and paraphasia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a lesion in the left posterior hemisphere resulting from cerebrovascular disease. In the naming task of both the standard language test of aphasia (SLTA) and Suzuki picture cards, the ratios of neologisms and paraphasia decreased during the chronic stage of ACA. These results suggest that semantic information processing and retrieval of word sounds improved in this patient. Reports on neologisms and paraphasia in ACA are rare. It had been assumed that neologisms are observed only during the acute stage, and this characteristic of neologisms seemed to be associated with head injuries. However, in our case the aphasia was caused by cerebrovascular disease, and neologisms were observed even one year after onset.These findings suggest that in ACA as well as in adult aphasia, neologisms are observed in patients with cerebrovascular disease and remain even during the chronic stage. In our ACA patient, who speaks fluently, the lesion was localized in the posterior of the left hemisphere. Therefore, it seems that the correlation between the location of the lesion and speech fluency in adult aphasia is applicable even in ACA.View full abstractDownload PDF (2484K) -
—A Case Report—Masamutsu Kenjo2003 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 138-146
Published: April 20, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study reports on a course of speech therapy used with ten-year-old girl who had severe stuttering which began at the age of six. The therapy involved role plays with her mother and a younger sister. The role plays which featured situations from daily life were read out loud from a script by the therapist. Chorus reading, repeating, slow and prolonged speech, singing, and so on were the means adopted in the role plays in order to reduce stuttering. Mimicry, onomatopoeia, hung voice, and expressions of emotion, etc. were also used to reduce her stuttering. The length and the complexily of the sentences and also the words and the sounds of a higher frequency in her stuttering were taken into consideration at the time of creation of the scripts. Furthermore, this therapy encouraged the subject to speak slowly, rhythmically, softly, and in a relaxed manner by likening such her speaking to the movement of animals. Her mother was also encouraged to reduce stress in her daily environment by counseling. Through this therapy, by the time she graduated from elementary school her stuttering, behavior and mental state were improved remarkably.View full abstractDownload PDF (994K) -
Nobuhiko Isshiki2003 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 147-152
Published: April 20, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSReviewing the author's 48year experiences of experimental as well as clinical investigation into voice disorders, he describes here their extracts that appear to have particular clinical implication. The topic of initial study was the control mechanism of vocal intensity and pitch. In the process of animal experiment, the author had been intrigued by the reflex that increased subglottal pressure induces glottal closure. This needs to be further studied in connection with mis-swallowing (dysphagia) for instance. The experiments with the excised larynx has later hinted and led to the development of arytenoid adduction technique for vocal fold paralysis, and the surgery for spasmodic dysphonia i.e. type 2 thyroplasty.
The two main causes for hoarseness are imperfect closure of the glottis and stiff vocal fold or reduced mobility of the mucosa. In this connection the author emphasizes that any medialization procedure for imperfect closure of the glottis would not restore a good voice unless vocal fold mucosa is well mobile. Chordal injection of autologous tissue such as fat or fascia for augmentation or medialization also requires caution not to expand the overlying mucous membrane in excess or not to create wide scar adhesion between the mucosa and transplanted tissue.
The tips of various thyroplasties and arytenoid adduction have briefly been described. As to the future tasks and prospect of voice research, the author stresses the need of biosyntheses or regeneration, using bioengineering technique, of the vocal folds such that covered with a well mobile mucosa. Clinically phonosurgery should steadily extend its indication, based on stable outcomes, not only to inveterate laryngeal diseases but also to aged voice or professional singers' problem for instance. The prospect of further development seems promising for the future.View full abstractDownload PDF (761K) -
—Some Basic Problems in Clinical Research—Nobuhiko Isshiki2003 Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 153-158
Published: April 20, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: June 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOne-hour discussion after the lecture was focussed on rather basic voice problems, a little apart from the clinical problems the author emphasized. They include 3 main topics.
1. The function of the vocal muscle
According to recent reports, replacement of the vocal muscle with fat tissue, which was performed for spasmodic dysphonia, demonstrated that a fairly good voice could be obtained. Taking into account the clinical facts together with numerous experimental findings, the discussion tended to be settled at “the vocal muscle may not be essential for phonation but it is probably so for the control of voicing”.
2. Model for phonation
Various models for phonation were discussed, including the Schoenhaerl, Hirano, Ishizaka, and Titze. The Hirano's “body and cover” model is essentially the same as the Schoenhaerl's concept emphasizing the mobility of the mucosa, the author thought. Since it is impossible to define the “body” discretely, whether it means the vocal muscle only or not, it may be misleading sometimes. In Titze's model, the figures for the body in terms of mass, location, and stiffness, is very difficult to assign on the anatomical basis. The only possible means to judge whether the model and hypothetical figures are correct or not would be to examine whether the model output curve matches well with the real vocal output under various physiological conditions.
3. Diplophonia
This terminology is sometimes confusing. The voice of vocal fold paralysis is often referred to as diplophonia. But it should be realized that the two different musical tones are not being produced. It is a kind of irregular tone, or hoarseness. The two vocal folds with different tension do not produce twopitched tone. One vibrating vocal fold perse cannot be a source of sound in a practical sense. Possibility of producing a sound such as confusing with glottal sound in the articulatory organ was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (770K)
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