1. The present report forms part of a study of the winter mortality of the White-eye in New Zealand where the breeding success is high. Weekly population counts in a 12 acre area of a semi-natural habitat in Dunedin showed that the increases in number in autumn and spring were the result of partial migration. In these seasons the average flock size also increased (Fig. 1) but nevertheless remained smaller than the average flock size (9.5) recorded in the winter at the feeding station outside the area.
2. Frequent interchanges of individuals occurred among the winter flocks but mated birds always remained together. Records of fighting among colour-ringed birds revealed a peck-order in the flock and these, together with evidence obtained by observations of captive birds, prove that there is a definite peck-right hierarchy. After plotting the number of victories against the number of defeats in encounters (Fig. 2) it is apparent that, although some females had more victories than defeats, males were generally more aggressive, and that there were tendencies for dominant birds to fight more often with birds of higher ranks and for subordinate birds to avoid dominant birds.
3. Three types of call notes were found which have different functions in the social behaviour of flocking White-eyes: the flight call, the alarm call, and the threat and initiative call notes.
4. Pair formation among the first year birds took place during the winter and as these birds gradually left the flock and established territories the size of the flock diminished.
5. During the breeding season the principal food of the birds is of the insectspider type. Field observations and feeding experiments showed that during the winter greater interest is taken in plant food. Therefore insect feeding as postulated by Cunningham (1946) as a reason for the origin of flocking is open to doubt and here flocking has been considered from the point of view of migration and predation.
6. The importance of behaviour study as an aid to the understanding of speciation was emphasized.

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'Larders' of the Bull-headed Shrike, Lanius bucephalus, were examined at Takaoka City, Toyama, during 25 March 1959 and 13 May 1960. The dominant plant of the flora, consisting of 31 species, was Robinia pseudo-Acacia L. By weekly census, the species of larders were recorded with notes on floral and insectfaunal changes. The species and number of victims were dependent upon their periods of occurrence and abundance, as well as size. Larders were more frequent when grasses were short and more bare grounds were exposed, since the shrike is terrestrial feeder and larders increased with periodic increase of the shrike. Larders were found also in summer when Melae (Eurymelae) corvinus was a marked victim, and shrike's own pellets or even its chick's droppings were found impaled. These facts may disprove the sygnificance of larders as food storage for winter. Larders on preferred perches were eaten more frequently and some learning seems to be involved in this, but this is not related to purposive food storage. The impaling is to be considered as one of the mere innate habits.

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During October, 1953 and January, 1956, bird observations were made at Jusangai-cliff along Yomase River, Nagano; weekly in the breeding season of 1954 and fortnight in 1955 through the year. Bird counts were made one hour before sunset along the cliff, about 70m. long, at a walking speed, average 0.9km./h. The Kestrel, Falco tinnunculus, was the dominant species. It came for breeding in late February and the maximum numbers of adult birds were 32 (March 14) in 1954 and 36 (June 19) in 1955. The nests were 12 in 1954 and 11 in 1955. The fledglings were seen at the entrance of nest-holes from late May. Their maximum numbers were 27 and 26 in 1954 (June 20) and 1955 (May 28) respectively. These numbers are conservative because not all young birds appear at the entrance, and fledged ones sat in dense bushes, which made exact counts difficult. They began to leave the area in late August and all have disappeared by the beginning of October, followed by the adult birds in early November. Only a few birds remained during the winter, and their number was subject to a certain depth of snow cover (20 cm.), which would have hindered their food search. The fluctuations of other birds, very few in number compared with the Kestrel, are also given in Table II.

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青森県小湊には,オオハクチョウの大群が現われ,飢と Aspergillus の感染によって死んだものもあり,また,給餌対策によって保護されたものもあった(1959～60)。

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The measurements of the testes and ovaries of 21 species, 56 individuals of birds, collected in Japan Alps range during breeding season, are given.The incubation patch was present only in the females in Prunella rubida and P.collaris.

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以下前2例の観察された親鳥およびヒナの巣立ちにいたる主たる点について要約し給餌状況を写真をもって説明する(口絵参照)。
1. 巣のさく孔は4月20日ごろから雌雄によって開始され,8-17日で完成する。
2. 卵は通常4個。抱卵日数は大体16日ぐらい。雌雄交代で行われる。
3. 孵化から巣立までの日数はおうむね26日位。
4. ヒナにあたえる餌はコガネムシの幼虫,クワガタ類,カミキリムシが主である。
5, 虫は腹部のやわらかな部分のみが喰われ,捨てられた頭部の数から推して一度に10-15頭の昆虫がヒナに運ばれるようである。これら巣に運ばれる餌は親鳥の口中深くくわえられていて外部からは決してみえない。
6. 給餌はまれに20分-30分の間隔であるが多くは40分-50分間隔である。そして時には90分におよぶこともある。
7. 一羽の親鳥によって行われる一回の給餌は2-3羽である。
8. 親鳥は♀♂とも鳴きながら巣に近づき給餌後の飛去もまた同じである。ただしこの時期には採食地では鳴かない。
9. ヒナの糞は外部に搬出されない。
10. ヒナは孵力後10日ごろより内部巣壁にとりついて,爾後は孔の入口で給餌をうける。
11. ヒナはいづれもおびただしいハジラミを寄生させている。

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Migration of the Swinhoe's Red-tailed Robin, Erithacus sibilans, in Japan has been obscure. The author could collect the following records, including unpublished ones: Yagishiri, Hokkaido, spring (Udagawa), Yamagata, May 1921 (Captured as cage birds-Ishizawa), Niigata, May 1922 (M. Nakamura), Ishikawa, May 1922 (Many sang-Nagara), Tottori, late May 1940 (Songs heard-Yamada). These data are enough to regard it as an occasional spring transient through southern Korea and along Japan Sea coast of Honshiu to reach Sakhalin where it breeds. It is reported to sing well on its way, staying a week or about ten days at one place No autumn records are known yet, and its occurrence seems to be irregular and variable in number. The reason of such a particular migration pattern is discussed.

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日本の飼鳥界に新しい追加としてここにシモフリインコを紹介する。従来の記載の鳥に比して僅かながら色彩上の相違が認められるようであるので或は1新亜種となるかと思われる。詳しい記載と飼育上の習性の一部を記述して今後の資料としている。産地は南米(?)である。

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First specimen (October) (and possibly another) with 12 rectrices of Turdus dauma toratsugumi, normally with 14 rectrices, is reported. Probably, the second outer pair are lacking. Tail moult in normal specimens is noticed from December to March. The larger form amami has 12 rectrices, but the size of the specimen is smaller.

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Two crows, Corvus corone, were first seen to start for roost, 18 minutes before sunset, 2.000 Lux. About 40 remained feeding on the ground. At 5 and 2 minutes before, and 4 minutes after the sunset, with the light intensities, 1.000 Lux, 800 Lux and 500 Lux respectively, the flock flew up. These may be the usual timing and the light intensities of roosting flight, but only a few birds flew off each time. 33 birds adhered to the feeding ground until a tolerable darkness, 200 Lux, 21 minutes after the bright senset. The full moon soon followed it. A social factor has thus delayed the start of their roosting flight, about 30 minutes, 1.000 Lux.

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The author received reports of the occurrence of swans from 13 prefectures during the winter, 1959-1960. Such a heavy migration of swans, Cygnus cygnus with few definite records of C. columbarius jankowskii, has never been known. According to Mr. H. Saito of Hokkaido, all the lakes where swans frequent froze in this particularly severe winter there and swans were observed moving SW.
Some were caught weakened by hunger, while in Aomori, such swans were tamed by artificial feeding.

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Twenty seven records, since 1943, of the occurrence of Whooper (mostly) and Bewick's Swans in Iwate Prefecture, known to the outhor, are listed. The records for 1960 are decidedly numerous. There seems to have been no natural death, but poaching, not only of swans, in this coastal district is to be considered seriously.

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A few Whooper Swans had been occasionally reported to winter, among flocks of ducks, at inland Lake Inawashiro, 514m. from the sea-level, in Fukushima. But the winter, 1959-60, was marked in having been recorded the January maximum of 58 birds. In November, 1960, again 50 birds have already been reported.

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The following swan records in Kiushiu for the winter, 1959-60, are reported: 1) Four swans (two adult Whistling and two young Whooper swans) were observed at Imazu, Hakata Bay, Fukuoka, 25 November, 1959. 2) A wounded Whistling Swan was found in Taku City, Saga, 13 November, 1959 and six others were observed. 3) Six swans (one Whooper Swan captured) from Sadowara, Miyazaki, end of November, 1959. 4) Six Whistling Swans (four were young) visited Ogori, Fukuoka, 23 December, 1959. Beside Kiushiu, 5) Two flocks of 10 and 8 birds were observed in Hagi City, Yamaguchi, 4 February, 1960. It is to be added that rarer Whistling Swans occurred at three places in Kiushiu. Ten more previous swan records known from Kiushiu are also given.

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