[in Japanese]

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Up to this day, it is said that Japanese family has become nuclear family in its form after the world War II. Most Japanese textbooks of family sociology still show it in some way. However, since the period of high economic growth, the rate of nuclear household has not increased. It has in fact decreased. Most textbooks show the increase in the proportion of the nuclear household, which includes the rates of the household composed of a married couple and a single person household. It is true that the rates of a couple household and a single person household have rapidly increased, but it is not correct to lump them together. I present my idea which is maybe called “the family diversification theory”. In this theory, I explain that Japanese family has diversified particularly since the period of high economic growth.
Industrialization as an explanatory variable can explain how the nuclearization of the family had occured. But, it can not explain how such diversification of the family has taken place. We must find another explanatory variable and a mediating variable. Here, I suggest a change in the family life cycle pattern as a mediating variable derived from the aging of the population structure which is an explanatory variable.

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1. This article aims at finding the clue to prospective image of the family through a study on the relation between industrial/economic structural changes and the family changes in post-war Japan.
2. On the basis of the socio-economic development in post-war Japan, Japanese family has drastically changed, i.e., the family composition has been simplified, the family ties have been loosened and the family consciousness based on these changes has become more individualistic.
3. The way of life has been changed as a factor of changes in the family form. This trend involved changes proper to be termed 'Privatization' and/or 'Dispersed Privatization' of family.
4. This privatizing family should not be termed 'Family Disorganization' since it contains possibilities to create a new solidarity and a new way of life for individuals who constitute the family.

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This paper aims at exploring from a theoretical point of view the means of overcoming problems in human relations, particularly the family, which derive from changes in society. Sociology largely serchs its own way apart from philosophy, but the philosophical foundation lies in getting at the root of human life. On this thought I identify production of human-being and of Weise des Zusammenwirkens as “main subject” of sociological study. This principle applies also the approach of family.
Secondly, the crisis in the family found in the present-day society is considered to be caused simultaneously both by the standardization related to social regulations and the diversification related to the individual's needs. The core of this crisis is found in the contradictory development of the above standardization and diversification. As the socialization of “consumption” has developed extensively, the solution to this crisis, however, will not be found in the family alone. This paper proposes other Weise des Zusammenwirkens be considered as having an important role to play in production of human being.
The family and the neighborhood, therefore, are seen as the starting points for conceiving the life as a whole. It is necessary that basic views concerning urbanization in sociological terms, the neighborhood's double level of meaning, and the diversification of families and socialization of production at human being should be emphasized. Our task is to produce a theory which overcomes the crisis and influences in a beneficial way such Weise des Zusammenwirkens as those found in education and work.

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The paradigm of family change is that of a changing norm from the stem family to the conjugal family. Using the paradigm agreed on by most family sociologists, the stronger the stem family norm is, the weaker the conjugal family one.
Before the end of World War II the Japanese would have internalized the “ie” norm, which is a variation of the stem family norm.
In 1974 Tsuneo Yamane discussed the decisive role of compulsory education on the internalization of the family value system among the Japanese such as the one in the residential pattern of living with one's child in later life.
In accordance with Yamane's hypothesis, our sample was divided into three categories :
C₁-those born before 1918;
C₂-those born from 1919-1940;
C₃-those born after 1941.
The results of our analysis are as follows :
C₁ have a conjugal family norm stronger than C₂ and C₃, though C₁ is regarded as a generation which internalized the stem family norm intensely.
Compared with C₁ or C₂, C₃ have a tendency of more negative attitudes toward the conjugal family norm, though they received individualistic education under which the norm is internalized.
These findings suggest a hypothesis that C₁ have internalized dual norms, which are composed of different dimensions in Japanese society.

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After World War II, Japan's society has been faced with the bustling world and economic trend. And consciousness for families has also changed remarkably. In accordance with that, most of urban office workers have become to form nuclear families. In other side, one parent families, unmarried mothers with children and singles are increasing gradually. That is to say various forms of families have come out. Before, we made efforts to maintain the legal models of “modern small families”. However, today we have held a lot of special acts and family policies in regard of various forms of families. For the shaking families at the mercy of these policies, we must reflect how to control the society for families and how should be the families.

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The main objective of this report is to review the population policy in the people's Republic of China.
The new policy was formally announced in January 1979: “Women who give birth to one child only will be publicly praised, those who give birth to three or more will suffer economic sanctions.”
This report shows the complications of the one - child policy, and studies new family problem and implicate China's population in the immediate future and in the next century.

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The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct theory of family stress. Theory of family stress can be considered core of fundamental to family stress and coping research (family stress theory, in broader mean). The theory might be applicable to other fields than family stress, if it could be assumed to be a part of general theory of dynamics of family as a micro social system. First, I will discuss the relation between family as a micro social system and individual in order to make a theoretical model. Second, I will draw a distinction between two levels of stress : an individual level and a family-system level. Then, I will introduce the concept of “phases of family as a micro social system”, using these two levels of stress as coordinate axes. This concept would be useful in understanding the relation between the family and the individual, and in particular the stressful situation in the family. From this point of view, I will reconstruct theory of family stress through redefining such factors as stressor, perception, resource, coping and so on.

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There seems to be much left undone to say that the family stress theory, as well as some other theoretical perspectives, is now out of date in the stream of the alleged “paradigm shift”.
Discussion is made of conceptual and methodological issues of “family adaptation”, primarily focusing on how we can avoid tautological inclination surreptitiously invading into our research design. Family crisis concept is strategically proposed as an useful alternative or substitute for family adaptation, depending upon what type and phase of family stress is being concerned with. There should be some consideration concerning sequential changes when family adaptation is measured. As far as family adaptation, not family adjustment or family crisis, is dealt with, a time interval could be supposed to be set comprehensively long enough, which puts us with an another hard burden to complete a research work.
Also proposed are propositional hypotheses concerning the domain of crisis-recover or family adaptation as well as the relationship between chronicity of stressful events and regenerative power.

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