Iida reports that the glucose and glucurone content of the liver of Swiss albino mice is related to alcohol appetite (1). Specifically, mice with either no appetite for alcohol or free access to it showed a significant glucose content in the liver as indicated by paper-chromatographic analysis. In contrast, mice with an appetite for alcohol but without access to it showed both an absence of glucose in the liver and the presence of a material tentatively identified as glucurone. This material was either present in only trace amounts or absent in the “non-craving” and the “satisfied” mice. Iida posits that the glucose deficiency is a characteristic of mice with an inborn craving for alcohol.
McClearn and Rodgers have identified inbred strains of mice that show marked, genetically determined, highly reliable differences in alcohol preference (2-4). Iida's finding might provide an explanation for the phenotypic differences observed in these inbred strains. This possibility was examined in the present study, utilizing the C57BL/Crgl strain, that has been shown to consume 10% alcohol as its primary source of liquid when it is offered as an alternative to water, the C3H/Crgl/2 strain, that has been shown to consume either small or intermediate amounts of 10% alcohol in the choice situation, and the DBA/2Crgl strain, that almost totally avoids the 10% alcohol solution if water is also available (2-4).

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Attempts to induce immunity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in inbred mice have been the subject of considerable studies in recent years (1-4). Various procedures were employed with varying degrees of success to prepare altered cancer cells which would be effective in producing resistance to subsequent transplant of the carcinoma cells. McKee et al. (5) failed to induce immunity by pretreatment of mice with Ehrlich ascites cells that had been killed by desiccation, freezing and thawing, mechanical grinding, and supersonic waves. Révész (6), and Donaldson and Mitchell (7) were successful to protect mice by immunization with X-irradiated carcinoma cells. Recently, Donaldson and North (8) demonstrated that repeated injections of tumor cells inactivated with nitrogen mustard resulted in a high degree of immunity.
The present report deals with attempts to induce immunity in dd strain of mice against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma by use of cells treated with various chemical agents.

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Conflict behavior induced by punishing the animal's approach to food has been frequently studied in cats or rats as a means for evaluating the effects of drugs upon neurotic conditions. In 1945 Masserman and Yum (1) showed that alcohol prevented the development of neurotic behavior in cats and abated the neurotic behavior. A similar result was obtained by Conger (2) in rats. Jacobsen and Skaarup (3), modifying the technique described by Masserman, introduced a method which permits evaluation of drug effects upon behavior with ease. They found that benzilic acid aminoester derivatives, especially benactyzine, have a clear-cut normalizing effect in cats. Recently Naess and Rasmussen (4), Geller and Seifter (5), and other workers proposed newer procedures which allowed more objective evaluation of drugs upon behavior.
This paper describes a method for inducing conflict behavior in dogs, and the effects of some drugs upon the conflict behavior.

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In the preceding articles (1-4), a dual mode of paralyzing action of candicine (maltoxin) on the frog muscles was reported, i.e., an overall depolarization of the muscle fiber membrane and a depression of sensitivity of the endplate membrane to acetylcholine.
On the other hand, candicine has been known as a nicotine-like drug without any detail analysis (5-17). Present experiments have been carried out to elucidate the mode of the ganglion stimulating action of candicine in comparison with some other ganglionic stimulants.

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In spite of numerous reports on bradycardia produced by cardiac glycosides hitherto, the mechanism is not completely clarified.
Ackermann (1) reported that early digitalis bradycardia was prevented by vagal severance or by administration of atropine. This observation has generally been accepted. Heymans and Heymans (2) obtained additional evidence using cross-circulation dogs. They reported that ouabain-induced bradycardia was not due to the central action of ouabain but had its origin in the vagal reflex. Furthermore, Hering (3) and Heymans et al. (4, 5) showed that ouabain-induced bradycardia was nullified by severing both sinus nerves and both cardio-aortic nerves in dogs. Morimoto et al. (6) also demonstrated that digitalis bradycardia was prevented by destruction of the carotid sinus tissues and resection of cardio-aortic nerves in dogs. Fukuda and his associates (7, 8) maintained that the bradycardia produced by large doses of digitalis was mainly due to the cardio-cardiac reflex. This assertion is supported by the fact that the action potentials of cardiac nerves (centripetal vagal nerves) increased by cardiac glycoside administration in cats (9). However, Schmitt et al. (10, 11) found that the action potentials originating in the chemoreceptors in the carotid body were increased by cardiac glycosides and they concluded that the chemoreceptors were closely related to the occurrence of digitalis bradycardia in cats.
Thus, opinions have differed on the origin and pathways of impulses of reflexogenic bradycardia produced by cardiac glycosides.
The present study was conducted to elucidate the probable pathways of the reflex by which cardiac glycosides produce bradycardia.

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Although there have been divergent conclusions concerning the cardiac effects of the adrenergic blocking agents, it is generally agreed that no adrenergic blocking agent specifically inhibits the chronotropic and inotropic responses to adrenergic stimuli in the mammalian heart (1). It has been found that phenoxybenzamine, a potent adrenergic blocking agent, increases the concentration of noradrenaline and ' adrenaline in urine and plasma of dogs in barbiturate anesthesia (2, 3). Holzbauer and Vogt (4), and Gey and Pletcher (5) have shown that the intravenous injection of 20 to 25 mg/kg of chlorpromazine little affects on noradrenaline content of the hypothalamus in the cat and of the brain in the rat. On the other hand, Malhotra and Prasad (6) have recently shown that the intravenous injection of 2 to 5 mg/kg of chlorpromazine greatly increases the content of noradrenaline in the central nervous system such as hypothalamus, hippocampus, frontal cortex and midbrain in the dog, while the same procedure of 10 to 25 mg/kg significantly decreases the content of the amine in these structures. Graham (7) has demonstrated that the pressor responses of the atropinized dog to a series of 2-halogenoethylamines are blocked by pretreatment of the animal with reserpine. Benfey (8) has shown that the positive inotropic, chronotropic and hypertensive effects of phenoxybenzamine are prevented by pretreatment of dogs with reserpine or guanethidine.
The inhibitory effects of the adrenergic blocking agents such as phenoxybenzamine, dibenamine, chlorpromazine, regitine, piperoxane, yohimbine and dihydroergotamine as well as guanethidine on the action of butyrylcholine and tyramine, and the potentiating effects of these adrenergic 'blocking agents on the action of noradrenaline in the isolated atrium of the guinea-pig have been presented by Ben-fey and Greeff (9). From the results cited above it seems that the effects of the adrenergic blocking agents have something in common with that of reserpine.
If the adrenergic blocking agents affect the content of noradrenaline in the atrial muscle fibers, it is expected that the drugs may give some specific effects on the transmembrane potentials of the atrium.

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Since the introduction of iproniazid, originally synthesized as antitubercular drug, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors have been applied to the treatment of mental depression and angina pectoris. Most of the MAO inhibitors are chemically hydrazine and hydrazide derivatives. It is suggested by many investigators that pharmacological effects of the inhibitors derive from accumulation of serotonin and catecholamines in the central nervous system and other organs. The socalled side effects of the inhibitors such as liver damage are supposed to be due to unknown direct effects. Efforts to find out less toxic inhibitors have been done, thereupon.
The present paper describes the structure-activity relationship of new MAO inhibitors, phenylacetylhydrazide derivatives by use of iproniazid and phenylisopropylhydrazine (JB-516) as control. The chemical structures of the derivatives are shown in Fig. 1.

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The electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns induced by the pyretic drugs may consist of the several elementary waves such as that representing their direct action on CNS (central nervous system), that representing the passive reactivity to the hyperthermic state as expressed by the Arrhenius equation (1-3), that representing the active reactivity due to the activity of thermoregulatory center in the hyperthermic state, and so on, though the superposition of each elementary wave might not be always linear.
In this respect, the fact that the fluctuation in the EEG patterns caused by the hypothalamic heating at variable degrees as reported by von Euler et al. (4) is quite suggestive, because there is an increase of frequency of spindle bursts in cortex with a moderate heating, while there is an arousal pattern with an excessive heating in their experiment.
Bovet and Longo (5) noted that the spindle burst is characteristic to the brain wave in the normal rabbit, and jasper (6) rendered it connect with the alpha rhythm in the human EEG, and more recently Hess et al. (7), Ralston and Ajmone-Marsan (8), and Chow et al. (9) assumed it as a sleep spindle. In those cases it should be also emphasized that the spindle burst is somewhat related to the activity of thermoregulatory center.
The pyretic drugs is considered to cause a deviation from the steady state of heat production and heat dissipation activity of the effector organs by giving the perturbation to the thermoregulatory homeostatic system of the body.
In this report, the author aimed to study the frequency distribution of spindle bursts per unit time during the control period and after 2, 4-dinitrophenol administration and their statistical properties as a preliminary experiment for the purpose of further precise analysis of the correlation between the activity of CNS and that of thermoregulatory effector organs, and also for the purpose of the prediction of forthcoming EEG change during the control period with necessity to detect the drug effect more efficiently and more accurately.

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Addiction to morphine is a problem widely studied but not yet solved. One of the difficulties of this problem is that it involves physical and psychic factors and it is believed that these signs can be demonstrated only in vertabrates with highly developed cerebral hemispheres.
Consequently, addiction experiments in animals have been carried out with higher animals, such as man, monkey, chimpanzee and dog. However, it has been recently reported that rats dosed morphine at 12 hours intervals for several weeks show signs of physical dependence to morphine (1-5). However, we have as yet very little information as to the possibility that similar signs can be also demonstrated in mice. A study of addiction or physical dependence in mice as compared with rats, namely the species difference between mice and rats in their response to morphine, is of great importance for the elucidation of the mechanism of the action of analgesics.
The present paper deals with the development of tolerance to and the occurrence of physical dependence to morphine in mice.

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The possibility always exists that an undesirable amount of histamine or histaminelike depressor substances are included as contamitants in antibiotics and biological preparations, because these preparations are produced by fermentation processes or prepared from natural origins. In addition, it is possible that the administration of such preparations contaminated with depressor substances may be a cause of allergic responses. From the above-mentioned reason, it is demanded in official to determine whether the depressor substances are contained beyond the allowance or not in these preparations.
The official assay method prescribed for depressor substances is based upon a transient fall in blood pressure of anesthetized cats at intravenous administration of very small doses of histamine.
The present authors, with the purpose of standardizing the official method for the determination of histamine-like depressor substances in their various products, examined the factors that influence the sensitivity of cat blood pressure to histamine. The factors selected for this study were as follows: sexual difference, seasonal variation, the kind of anesthetic agent and repetition of administration of histamine. The effects of these factors influencing the depressor effect of histamine in cats will be demonstrated statistically by the data in this study and from those in their past routine assays.

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