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Volume 3, Issue 1
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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REPORT III ON THE EFFECT OF THE EXTRACT OF FRUCTUS GARDENIAE FLORIDA ON THE AMOUNT OF BILIRUBIN IN THE PERIPHERAL LYMPH OF COMMON BILE-DUCT LIGATED RABBITSTOJI MIWA1953 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 1-5
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
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KIYOSHI TANAKA, OSAMU MISHIMA1953 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 6-9
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSToman, Swinyard and Goodman (1) found that the extensor component of tonic convulsion produced by supramaximal electroshock stimulation disappeared after the administration of several anticonvulsant drugs. According to this fact they presented a new method to evaluate antiepileptic drugs in experimental animals. Using the similar method in rabbits, we confirmed (2) that phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, cyclohexenylmethylbarbituric acid and phenylacetylurea in non-depressant doses protect against the tonic extensor seizure of electroshock.
The present study is an attempt to find what part of brain is responsible for the manifestation of the tonic extensor seizure. Solution of this problem may contribute in deciding the site of action of antiepileptics.View full abstractDownload PDF (230K) -
SOHAKU SEKIYA1953 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 10-16
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
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SOHAKU SEKIYA1953 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 17-26
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
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1. THE EFFECT OF ANALGESICS ON AFFERENT PATHWAYS OF SEVERAL NERVESSADAO FUJITA, MOTOHIRO YASUHARA, KIKUO OGIU1953 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 27-38
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHitherto, the analgesic effect of drugs on animals have been assayed by means of the pain threshold, and reaction to pain. Responses which were employed consisted of: lid reflex, sharp cry, defensive movements, muscle twitch, tail flick, pupillary reflex, movements of the whole body, etc.. Although opiates and other analgesics produce a rise on the threshold of observable reactions to presumably painful stimuli in animals, the validity to employ such reactions for measuring the analgesic effect is open to question, since these drugs, of course, affect, not only the efferent pathways of the nervous system but also the afferent pathways.
In short, the analgesic effect of drugs probably cannot be determined exactly in animal experiments. The decision of sites of action of these drugs in the central nervous system, however, may contribute in part to some interpretation of the mechanism in the action of analgesics.
Electrical responses to afferent stimulation have been obtained after stimulation of the sciatic nerve (1), the splanchnic nerve (2, 3) and the vagus (4), and the details of the afferents of these nerves, or the effect of several drugs on them, have been investigated (5-15), but the physiological meanings of these electrical responses have not yet been clear.
The purpose of the present study is to determine sites of action of several analgesics and related drugs on afferent pathways of various nerves by means of deciding the sites of blockade produced by drugs, and, if possible, through this means to throw light on the nature of the nervous mechanism itself.View full abstractDownload PDF (806K) -
IWAO YAMAMOTO, KENICHI MIKAMI, YUTAKA KUROGOCHI1953 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 39-49
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSince the classical research of the cocaine-hypersensitivity of the rabbit by. Aducco (1) and Richet (2), it has been recognized that the repeated injections of a small dose of cocaine into rabbits resulted in a decrease of the lethal dose, in spite of habituation which was appeared in the other animals including in dogs. We confirmed this phenomenon and demonstrated that such rabbits became sensitive to not only cocaine but also adrenaline and ephedrine; namely, the sensitivity of the sympathetic nerve was increased.
On the other hand, the fate of cocaine was studied by many investigators. Some of them [Wiechowski (3), Tatum and Seevers (4), and Woods, Seevers, et al. (5)] reported that cocaine should be detoxified in the body of rabbits, because in which urine none of cocaine administered could be found, whereas 1 to 12 per cent of cocaine administered were excreted in the urine of dogs. Oelker and Raetz (6) observed that the hydrolysis of cocaine was performed in the body under the similar conditions as well as in vitro. And some cocaine destructive substances aside from tie enzymes were found by Suzaki (7), Okagaki (8) and Irizawa (9). Langecker and Lewit (10) suggested that the detoxication might be due to the demethylation of cocaine and indicated that rabbits had much stronger ability to detoxify cocaine than guinea-pigs and cats.
Nevertheless, it could not pass unnoticed that Sano (11) suspected the chemical combination of cocaine with the spinal marrow and that Nakazawa (12) pointed out the adsorption of cocaine by various tissues. Basing on the latter experiments, Abe and Takebayashi (13) explained that the habit-forming of cocaine and cocaine-hypersensitivity were due to the alteration of cocaine distribution rate between the central nervous system and blood.
As above mentioned the metabolism of cocaine was illustrat ed partly by the break-down and partly by the adsorption of cocaine. A few investigation, therefore, on the detoxication mechanism of cocaine and on the origin of the coca ine-hypersensitivity in rabbits were, made.
A) Cocaine-Inactivation by the Rabbit Liver Extract
First of all, the factors of cocaine-inactivation by the rabbit liver extract were analyzed by means of the biological estimation of cocaine on the excised intestine of rabbits.View full abstractDownload PDF (380K) -
SHUNJI KOZAWA, NORIHIKO FUJITA, SUMITSUGU YOSHIE, YOSHITAKA OZAWA1953 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 50-61
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe know many a drug which produces narcosis or excitement on the brain, and is of a great importance both in pharmacology and in clinical practice. However, the chemical basis for the pharmacological action of these neurotropic agents, especially of the convulsants is ill-defined yet.
McIlwain(1), Stone(2) and Richter(3) insisted that the lactic acid concentration in the brain serves as a reliable indicator to the change of the function al activity of the brain. Since Quastel(4) postulated that narcotics inhibit the oxidative metabolism in brain tissues, many active investigations have been attempted to clarify how a narcotic acts upon the nervous system. Inspite of those keen attempts for the closer approach we can't be as yet favored with the clear-cut view on that mechanism.
Nachmansohn(5) reported that the transmissions of action potential and of impulse in nerve cells are certainly connected with the release and inactivation of the acetylcholine (ACh), the resynthesis of which and the action potential of nerve cells are provided with the energy by energy-rich bonds in the phosphate linkage. According to Dawson(6) the breakdown of acetylcholine complex is likely to be related to the function of nerve cells.
The following description of our experimentation designates an attempt to investigate the relationships of acetylcholine, phosphate esters, lactic acid and the functional activity in a certain area of the cerebral cortex where excitement or narcosis is induced by some kinds of neurotropic agents.View full abstractDownload PDF (907K) -
HIROSHI MAYEDA1953 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 62-72
Published: 1953
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSinomenine is an alkaloid contained in the root of Sinomenium acutum Rehd. et Wilson (Fam. Menishermaceae), growing wild in southern Japan, and has long been used as a home remedy for neuralgia and rheumatism. It has a chemical structure similar to that of morphine, as shown left (1). Ishiwari (2, 3), who first isolated this alkaloid and studied its pharmacological actions, found that sinomenine caused depression of blood pressure by dilating peripheral blood vessels in mammals and acceleration of thoracic lymph flow in dogs. He (4) assumed that the foregoing therapeutic effect of this alkaloid was probably due to the increased circulation in the locus by such peripheral vascular effect.
Augmentation of lymph rich in protein caused by sinomenine (5) is also observed in the case of histamine(6), as well as with peptone (7, 8) and anaphylaxis (9) where histamine liberation is known to occur. Depression of arterial pressure by sinomenine is generally accompanied by the increase of portal pressure and liver volume (5), which phenomena are also known with peptone and in anaphylaxis (10). Recently, MacIntosh and Paton (11) observed that a marked liver congestion was caused by some organic bases which liberate histamine. The known side-effects of sinomenine are erythema, urticaria, pruritus, and facial swelling (4, 12).
In the previous report (13), the author found that the lymphagogic and liver congestive actions of this alkaloid, and the wheal caused by its intradermal injection are notably reduced by the pretreatment or combination with Benadryl.
The present series of experiments were undertaken in order to solve the problem of whether the afore-mentioned effect of sinomenine observed in dogs were the result of liberation of histamine.View full abstractDownload PDF (572K)
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