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Volume 6, Issue 2
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KAZUMASA SANUKI1957 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 69-86
Published: 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMuch information has now accumulated which favors the idea that histamine participates in the peripheral sensory function. Kwiatkowski (1) has shown that sensory nerve fibers of the skin is more rich in histamine than the motor nerve fibers and has further demonstrated directly that histamine is liberated after antidromic stimulation of the sensory nerve trunks. Experimental evidences have been supplied by many other workers (2-9), suggesting some relation of histamine to the conduction of stimulus in peripheral sensory nerves. Rosenthal and his associates (10-14) developed the theory that histamine is liberated from the skin by various external stimuli and this substance transmits the stimulus to the sensory nerve endings.
Another possible indication of the role of histamine in peripheral sensory mechanism is the analgesia developed during desensitization of histamine. Jacob, Ambrus and Ambrus (15) observed that a daily subcutaneous injection of histamine in a rat resulted in the decrease of pain reaction against thermal or electric stimulation of the tail or the paws, besides the decrease of sensitivity to histamine. However, these workers did not give any clear explanation of its mechanism. Jabob and Szerb (16), who observed the same fact in mice, assumed the involvement of pituitary-adrenal system in this phenomenon but did not offer sufficient evidence to justify their assumption.
The present writer has confirmed the occurrence of analgesia as a result of daily subcutaneous injection of histamine in mice and further, found similar analgesia to develop by daily injection of histamine liberators, in spite of the fact that the animals in this case became more susceptible to histamine contrary to the case of histamine desensitization. The present paper describes the results of some experiments carried out in order to elucidate the mechanism of these phenomena and may offer a new suggestion to the significance of histamine in the cutaneous pain mechanism.View full abstractDownload PDF (790K) -
I. ALCOHOLIC DRIVE IN MICE FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF SALINESHOICHI IIDA1957 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 87-93
Published: 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
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TADASHI MURANO, FUMIO TANAKA1957 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 94-104
Published: 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
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ZENGO KANDA, ATSUSHI SEKIYA, KIYOSHI SAKAI, NOBORU UENO, TATSUYA KAMEI1957 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 105-114
Published: 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe have several reports on the effect of cardiac glycosides on the potassium content of heart muscle. In dogs, Calhoun and Harrison (1) observed a marked decrease in muscle potassium after toxic and fatal doses of digitalis and no significant change after therapeutic doses. Cattel and Goodell (2), who used the excised frog sartorius, and Wood and Moe (3), who studied isolated dog heart preparations, confirmed the observation that large doses of the drugs caused loss of potassium. However, Wedd (4) reported that the therapeutic action of digitalis was not the result of a lowering of the potassium content, and that when potassium loss did occur it represented a toxic effect of the drug afterwards. Hagen (5), who used the isolated rabbit hearts, and Boyer and Poindexter (6), who studied cat hearts, found that calculated therapeutic doses of digitalis caused a uniform and significant increase, whereas toxic doses produced a marked decrease in potassium. Recently, Holland and his collaborators (7), who used the isolated guinea pig hearts, and Hajdu (8), who studied isolated frog hearts, reported therapeutic doses of digitalis caused a decrease in potassium.
On the other hand, the effect of digitalis on the respiratory activity of heart muscle in vitro has attracted considerable attention. Lévy and her collaborators (9), Wollenberger (10), and Finkelstein and Bodansky (11) found that mammalian heart slices showed an increased oxygen utilization in the presence of calculated therapeutic concentrations of cardiac glycosides. However, an experiment (10) with homogenized tissue showed no effect of the glycosides on the oxygen uptake. In this connection, the possibility arises that intact cells are necessary for the demonstration of the accelerating effect of the glycosides.
Kleinzeller (12), Pressman and Lardy (13), Harman and Feigelson (14), and Korff and his collaborators (15) reported that potassium in a certain concentration produced a beneficial effect on the respiratory activity of the hamogenate or mitochondria of mammalian tissue. Then, the enhancing effect of digitalis on the respiration of heart muscle slice may have some relation with the changing effect of the drug on the potassium content of the tissue.
In the present study, effects of κ-strophanthin on the potassium content of heart muscle, and those of potassium on the respiration of homogenate and intracellular components were observed, and a relation between them was calculated.In addition, some fundamental experiments were made on the preparation and respiration of intracellular components of heart muscle, as there were not a sufficient number of studies on such subjects.View full abstractDownload PDF (443K) -
KIYOSHI TANAKA, YOSUKE KAWASAKI1957 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 115-121
Published: 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSince the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test was introduced by Toman et al. (1), many new antiepileptics have been found with this method. The fact that all current drugs effective against grand mal seizure are capable of preventing the tonic-extension component of MES suggests the reliability of this method to search for new antiepileptics.
In recent years, Tanaka (2) reported the anticonvulsant property of procaine, cocaine, adiphenine (Trasentine) and caramiphen (Parpanit) as measured with MES test, and Swinyard et al. (3) found the same activity of diphenhydramine and tripelennamine. On the other hand, Bernhard et al. (4) reported that lidocaine (Xylocaine) was effective in epileptic patients. These observations prompted us to test other local anesthetics, antihistaminics and related structures for the anticonvulsant activity in MES test.View full abstractDownload PDF (257K) -
CHIEN TU NG-HSÜ1957 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 122-137
Published: 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEucommia ulmoides, Oliv. is a deciduous tree that grows wildly in Shu Chuan, Fu Pei Shêng, China. The medicinal portion are contained in the bark that has been dried after peeling, the thickness of the bark being 1 to 5 mm and of varying dimensions in size. The external surface is grey or dark grey in color, shows well marked longitudinal rugosity and cutaneous pores. The inner surface is smooth, dark violet in color, and the structure coarse. When broken into pieces white threads are produced.
According to Pen Ts'ao Kang Mu of Li Shih-Chên (1) Eucommia ulmoides, Oliv. is highly efficaceous in lumbago resulting from cold. It is comparatively recently that Eucommia ulmoides, Oliv. began to be used in Chinese medicine, and even in Pen Ts'ao Kang Mu its use is not widely taken up. However, in recent years, since Hsü Pang-Hsien (2) and Chang Chi-Yu (3) pointed out the efficacy of this drug in hypertension it has come to draw attention in China and at the Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory of the Chinese Science Academy (4) saponin and potassium sulphocyanide have been isolated from it. In Japan Minatodani and Ishiguro (5) have extracted gutta percha from the bark.
No investigations have yet been made regarding the pharmacological properties of Eucommia ulmoides, Oliv., and the present studies were undertaken, therefore, with this in mind.View full abstractDownload PDF (729K) -
IWAO YAMAMOTO, AKIRA TSUJIMOTO, YOSHIHARU TSUJIMURA, MASATOSHI MINAMI, ...1957 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 138-146
Published: 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSince H. Laborit (1) had been successful in “l'hibernation artificielle” with chlorpromazine and S. Courvoisier et al. (2) had reported the pharmacological properties of the drug, the possible therapeutic usefullness have been attempted for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and the other diseases.
On the other hand, a few information could be found on the effect of chlorpromazine on the cell metabolism. A. Balesterieri (3) reported that the glucose oxidation was inhibited more eminently by the drug than phenobarbital, but the succinate oxidation was not affected. L. Perruzzo et al. (4) pointed out that the oxygen consumption of the brain slice in the chlorpromazine solution was reduced. F. Decourt et al. (5) showed that the fermentation of alcohol by yeast was not inhibited by the lower concentration of chlorpromazine and the phosphorylation in the fermentation was not affected.
Having been very much interested in the extensive clinical application of chlorpromazine without a satisfactory investigation of the effect on the cell metabolism, we have made an attempt at the study on the effect of this drug on the cell respiration.View full abstractDownload PDF (350K) -
YUTAKA KUROGOCHI, YOSHITERU FUKUI, TAKASHI NAKAGAWA, IWAO YAMAMOTO1957 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 147-152
Published: 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
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YOSHIRO NAKAZAWA, HIKARU FURUSE1957 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 153-161
Published: 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome times the movement of cats' intestines could not be observed in our research concerning the relation of intestinal blood flow of mesenterial artery to intestinal movement, as recorded by ordinary methods ?? Straub (1), Trendelenburg (2), and others (3) ?? under general anesthesia. It was considered that it might be difficult to record the natural movement of intestines under such conditions because many of anesthetics used decreased or abolished motility. When an experiment was made without general anesthesia by inserting a rubber bag in the lumen of the cats' intestines bound to a holder, the regular movement of the intestines could be observed. However, when the animal raged occasionally it was completely abolished for several minutes, or for about a half hour. So it was deduced that recording the natural movement of the intestines in conscious cats can surely be done if the animal does not rage.
Oettel (4) had carried out some experiments on the intestinal movement of conscious dogs with fistula of the small intestine under unrestrained conditions. G.H. Miller (5) has observed the effects of central anesthesia on the intestinal tract of dogs having a permanent fistula made with a Thiry-Vella loop. Now we have decided to make a permanent fistula of the small intestine in cats and then to observe what influence the anesthetic drugs had on its natural movement.View full abstractDownload PDF (360K) -
TOSHIKO KIMURA1957 Volume 6 Issue 2 Pages 162-174
Published: 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNumerous reports including Courvoisier et al. (1) have been made of the pharmacological studies on chlorpromazine. The action of chlorpromazine on the central nervous system has been studied in reference to electroencephalography and evoked potentials from the brain of animal. Although the action mechanism of the drug has been well explained, much seems still left unclarified. The most conspicuous characteristics of the drug so far reported is a tranquilizing effect which, on the animal experimental basis, has been confirmed by Das et al. (2), Hendley et al. (3), and Preston (4). However, the locus of the action in the central nervous system does not seem to have been agreed upon. Evoked potentials from brain or spinal cord have been regarded to be a favorable medium through which the action of a drug on the central nervous system is to be investigated. This application seems very significant in studying chlorpromazine. It is, however, not without a drawback in that the test animal must be previously anesthetized with the central depressant, as was regarded by Takeuchi (5). Since chlorpromazine has been suggested by many investigators to have a comparatively weak suppressive action to the central nervous system, it does not appear reasonable to study the drug using an anesthetized animal. It must be admitted that in animal experiments it is not always safe to define that an apparent recovery from anesthesia is a proof of return to a normal function of central nervous system.
Accordingly it seems necessary to use unanesthetized animals in order to accurately study the central action mechanism of a drug. Thus the author took up as indicator Electromyogram (EMG) evoked by adequate stimuli in unanesthetized rabbits in an attempt to clarify the central action mechanism of chlorpromazine.View full abstractDownload PDF (1173K)
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