The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes that produce Dance-haters in terms of self-concept (Body-Image and Movement-Concept) and personality among 265 girls (aged 12-15 years) in Junior High School. They were classified into three groups according to the responses to the question "Do you like dance ? ". Those groups were who said they liked dance and disliked, and "don't know" respectively. The following five measures were obtained for each of subjects : (a) modified Doudlah Body-Image Statements (66 items), estimated in a 5-choice scale, (b) modified Doudlah Movement-Concept Statements (66 items) estimated in a 5-choice scale, (c) Yatabe-Guilford Personality Test (S, I, N scales), (d) the extent to satisfy with their own body-proportion estimated in a 5-choice scale, (e) the images toward dance (10-pairs adjectives) estimated in a 7-choice scale. A factor analysis was computed on Body-Image and Movement-Concept, and 5 factors (labelled Face and figure and sense of dress, Fatness, Estimation of a face and figure, Body-proportion, and Physical nature in turn) and 3 factors (labelled Motor ability, Estimation of physical activity, and Skillfulness and dance in turn) were prominent respectively. Then three groups' scores on all five measures were compared. Significant differences were noted between Dance-likers and Dance-haters for Body-Image, Movement-Concept, Yatabe-Guilford Personality Test, and the images toward dance. The main results were as follows : (1) Dance-haters had an lower interest in their own face and figure and the sense of dress, and had less self-confidence in their own body-proportion than Dance-likers, (2) Dance-haters showed more socially introverted tendency, (3) Dance-haters had self-confidence in their own motor ability except dance, (4) Dance-haters showed poor feeling toward dance. It can be said that these psychological factors influenced Dance-haters more because dance is a physical activity which demands self-expression. Dance-haters' negative Body-Image is presumed to produce the ill feeling toward "femininity" of dance. In conclusion, it appears that Dance-haters is related to a negative self-concept and a introverted personality.

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This study examined relative efficacy of different performance levels' models in observational learning of a motor skill, from the view point of Bandura's Modeling Theory. The motor task used in this study was the free-standing ladder climb task described by Bachman. Subjects (Ss) were seventy-five male undergraduate students, all of whom had previously three trials and climbed to Rung 3 in a screening session. The Ss were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups and the control group (n=15 in each group). The experimental groups observed each of four filmed models, very high performance level's model (VHP), moderately high performance level's model (MHP), same performance level's model (SP), and low performance level's model (LP), while the control group (CON) viewing no model. After the experimental treatments, the Ss were instructed that they had thirty discrete trials and emphasis was placed on going as high as possible on each trial. The Ss' scores were recorded as the rung at which the last proper consecutive step had been attained. The thirty performance trials were grouped into three blocks with ten trials in each block for analysis. Results indicated that the MHP and the LP groups climbed significantly better than all other groups on Block 1, while the difference of performance scores between the MHP and the LP groups was insignificant, and the difference of performance scores among the VHP, the SP, and the CON groups was also insignificant. Moreover, it was revealed that the MHP and the VHP groups performed significantly better than the SP and the CON groups on Blocks 2 and 3, while the difference of performance scores between the MHP and the VHP groups was insignificant, and the difference of performance scores between the SP and the CON groups was also insignificant. These findings were discussed in terms of functions of mental imagery as guides for response reproduction.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the developmental characteristics of motor ability with the relationship to the experiences in sports participation with multivariate statistical procedures. Sixty two athlete and 62 non-athlete senior high school boys were tested longitudinally with 16 test items of motor ability and the data were analyzed by factor analytic techniques to investigate the developmental changes of factorial structure of motor ability. The results were summarized as follows: 1) From the examination of the number of the significant principal components and the factors extracted, and interpretation of them through principal factor analysis and normal varimax rotation, it was inferred that the differentiation of the factorial structure of motor ability for the athletes had already advanced as compared with that for the non-athletes when they were enrolled in their high school. 2) The communality for the athletes showed a decreasing tendency in physique and explosive strength tested by simpler motor performance such as vertical jump in accordance with the advance in age. However, an increasing tendency was observed in the communality in explosive strength of more complex nature tested by such items as running broad jump and hand-ball throw. In other words, the relationship of the former variables with others was decreasing, but that of the latter was increasing with the age. For the non-athletes, they showed just opposite tendency. Some differences between the two groups were found in the communalities of such items as flexibility, body bulk and static strength, chinning and 1500M run. 3) For the purpose of investigating the developmental tendency in two dimensional factor space based on a linear model of motor ability, the above mentioned factor analytic techniques were applyed to the pooled correlation matrix of all grades and groups. Two factors, which corresponded to the largest and 2nd, largest contribution to total variance, were extracted and interpreted as dynamic strength factor (Fl) and body bulk and static strength factor (F2), respectively. Then, the means of these factors' scores computed in each grade and group were plotted on the space constructed with these orthogonal factor axes. For the athletes, they were plotted in the domain of F1> F2 throughout grades and the development of Fl was closely accompanied by the development of F2. For the non-athletes, however, they were plotted in the domain of F1<F2 throughout grades and the developmental amount of F1 seemed to be less than that of F2.

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The respective characteristics of sprint ability of five-year-old infants and adults (university students) were investigated from the view point of the hierarchical factor model. In the experiment subjects ran at full speed along seven different types of 25-meter-courses - straight zigzag (large/small), winding (large/small) and circular (clockwise/counterclockwise). The correlation matrices among running performances of male and female groups of infants and of adults were processed by Principal Factor Analysis on the degree of contribution reaching 60 to 70 percent to total variance, and three factors were extracted in each group of subjects. Then Normal Varimax Rotation was applied to each set of factors, according to ROTO HIST method. The resulted factors for each group were interpreted with respect to each level of rotation. The factors at the third level of rotation, corresponding to lower level of factorial complexity, seemed to exhibit specific running skills in the case of adults, while, in the case of infants, they seemed to be related to the extent of the decrease of running speed for boys, and to exhibit some components of sprint ability for girls. These factors were integrated at the second level of rotation into two factors, which seemed to exhibit the different types of sprint ability, and the similar sex difference was observed in both of infants and adults in these two factors. Concerning the first principal factor, interpreted as the general sprint ability, the degree of contribution to total variance of adults was greater than that of infants. These findings suggest that 1) the extent of differentiation and/or integration of running skills of adults apparently differs from that of infants, and that 2) the basic modality of running control of the male may be different from that of the female, that is, each sex seems to possess an inherent characteristic quite irrespective of their developmental stages.

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The study of movement-associated cortical potential was first reported by H.H. Kornhuber and L. Deeke in 1965. The reports as to N_1 potential (readiness potential) of movement-associated cortical potentials beginning 800msec-1500msec in advance of voluntary movement were presented by many investigators, and agreement was reached on some of the points. However, some of the points still remained disagreed. Therefore, the present authors had investigated the relation of N_1 potential with motor control and the difference between N_1 potential and CNV, up to the present, and presented some of the findings. Then, the authors have attempted at elucidating the significance of N_2 potential (motor potential) beginning 91-187msec in advance of voluntary movement, P_2 potential (the first positive potential after movement) beginning about 160msec after voluntary movement, and P_3 potential (the second positive potential after movement) beginning about 263msec after voluntary movement which are constituting the movement-associated cortical potentials, and a few findings have been presented in the previous report. However, data that supported their findings remain inadeqate, up to the present. The present study, therefore, was intented to investigate, in more detail, the relations of N_2 potential, P_2 potential, and P_3 potential to the motor control, with the method of simultaneous measurement of movement-associated cortex potentials, S.S.C.P (somatic, stimulus, cortex, potential) and cortex potential accompanying passive movement. Such method has been applied to the human subjects in very limited ocassions. The following results were obtained: 1) The distribution over the scalp of N_2 potential showed maximum at C_3 in case of voluntary right upper arm flexion movement. The maximum was at C_4 in case of voluntary left upper arm flexion movement 2) The distribution over the scalp of P_2 potential showed maximum at C_z in case of voluntary right upper arm flexion movement. The maximum was also at C_z in case of voluntary left upper arm flexion movement. 3) P_3 potential and positive potential of passive flexion movement appeared both semispheres over central area. However, the difference of the amplitude of the these potentials was not significant. 4) The appearance latency of P_3 potential and of positive potential appearing after passive flexion movement showed quite similar value. When the amplitude of these potentials was compared, P_3 potential showed higher tendency than the positive potential after passive flexion movement. From the results described above, the authors may conclude that (1) N_2 potential reflects expression of nerve excitation, namely, activity of corticalspinal tract concerning efferent discharges of pyramidal tract, (2) P_2 potential dose not reflect peripheral feedback, but suggests the possibility of reflecting central feedback, and (3) P_3 potential reflects peripheral feedback from muscle, joint, and others. These findings are in support of the previous results reported by other investigators.

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The purpose of the present study is to observe the effects of body tilting on circulatory responses and forearm muscular endurance. Thirty-four subjects participated in the study. Body positions used in this study were three kinds : horizontal-supine, head-down and head-up positions. Each subject performed hand grip exercise in three different body positions. Forearm and lower leg blood flow was measured by using mercury-in-rubber strain-gauge method. Blood samples were obtained from cubital vein and brachial artery in selected ten subjects. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The significant difference in forearm resting blood flow was observed among three body positions (p < 0. 05). 2. In the case of work load of 1/3 of maximal grip strength, significant difference in performance was not observed among three body positions, but in 1/6 of max. strength, significant difference was observed between head-up and other two body positions. 3. As to the forearm peak blood flow, difference between head-up and other two body positions was statistically significant (p<0.05). 4. Blood lactate and arterial-venous oxygen difference immediately after exercise (work load of 1/3 max. strength) showed the highest value in head-up position compared with other body positions. 5. Circulatory responses accompanying body tilting seem to have influence on muscular work capacity. The longer the work time is, the more remarkable the influence seems to be.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between skeletal maturity vs. the growth of body size of boys and girls aged 9 to 14 years in a longitudinal study. The skeletal maturity of hand was examined by means of X-rays. The subjects are 15 boys and 17 girls. Their skeletal maturity scores, 7 anthropometric measures and 6 indices based on the anthropometric measures were taken for six years from 1972 to 1978. The data obtained was analyzed; (1) as to the data covering from 9 to 14 years of age and (2) as to the data at each age level of 9 to 14 years of age. As the result of analysis (1), it was found that the mean growth curves of anthropometric measures are similar to the curve of the skeletal maturity score in both sexes. The coefficients of correlation between the skeletal maturity score and these anthropometric measures ranged from 75 to 90. The chronological age correlated with the skeletal maturity score with the coefficients, 89 for boys and, 83 for girls. Although these correlations are spurious in nature it was suggested that chronological age is the best sigle item of all the measurements to predict skeletal maturity. As to analysis (2), the correlations of chronological age (variance in birth date) with the skeletal maturity score were found to be very low within a group of same age. The correlations between the skeletal maturity score and anthropometric measures changed with age. Namely, the correlations between the skeletal maturity score and the linear measures in boys increased with age up to l4 years, while those in girls increased with age up to 11 years and thereafter decreased. The correlations between the skeletal maturity score and body bulk measures in boys increased with age up to 12 or 13 years and thereafter decreased. From these results it is inferred that skeletal maturity does not equally relate to the growth of all body sizes and its contributing rates to the growth of body sizes varied with age and for sex.

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