In this study the results of preceding research works on decision making in ball games were rearranged into five sub-domains and reviewed. The summary is as follows. 1) Decision making behavior in ball games: The researches on this sub-subject were classified into the descriptive ones which describe the actual descision making behavior of the player in ball games by using mathematical concepts and normative ones which formulate mathematically the optimum decisions to be made in specific game situations, and reviewed. As a result it was found that both of them still remain at the stage of pilot/introductory research. 2) Relation of decision making ability to game performance in ball games: Examination of this sub-subject is so significant that it may be comparable with rec6nfirming the importance of the whole body of the study on decision making in another view. However, sufficient proof Corroborating the positive relation hypothesis between them was not found to be presented as yet. 3) Content analysis of decision making ability in ball games: It is hypothesized that the relative superiority of the perceptual abilities such as the abilities to attend selectively; recognize, and anticipate game situations part1y determine the relative superiority of the expressed decisions. However, on this hypothesis very few researches which are focussed on the relation between the perceptual abilities and the decision making ability were found to have been pursued. Next, on the problem of what causes the relative superiority of the decision making ability, two lines to solve it, i.e., the approaches from general ability traits and from knowledge structure, were mentioned, and related researches were reviewed. 4) Measurement of decision making ability in ball games: The methods of player observation and of testing were mentioned as the method of measuring the decision making ability, the former being classified into three methods in which the degree of systematization of used observation is different, the latter into the methods of laboratory testing and field testing. The strong and weak points for each method were discussed and some related researches were reviewed. Any standardized measuring tools for the decision making ability have not been developed for the present. 5) Decision making ability training in ball games: The researches on tactical training in ball games and on decision making ability training in other fields as well as some researches focussed on this sub-subject were reviewed and some suggestions were given to the future research on the decision making ability training in ball games. As mentioned above, it was found that even the fundamental problems had not been examined in full and many problems had been left unsolved in the field of the study on decision making in ball games. It is hoped that many researchers concerned in ball games will proceed more research activities to solve such assignments in the future.

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This study attempted to examine if there was a corresponding attentional narrowing with increases in arousal from a low to a high level on dual task. Thirty male college students, who were subjected to each of three levels of psychological stress, were randomly assigned to three equal sized groups; i.e., Low Stress, Middle Stress and High Stress Groups. In this experiment a dual task method was used, which incorporated Main Task, Peripheral Task and Irrelevant Task. Subjects were requested to perform a perceptual-motor task as Main Task whi1e simultaneously discriminating the light located in the visual periphery called Peripheral Task. Then, the subjects were asked to recall the auditory stimuli which were presented during the performance of the Main and Peripheral Tasks. Recall method of this Irrelevant Task was not informed to subjects before this experiments. The results indicated the inverted-U relationship between arousal level and task performance on the Main Task. On the Peripheral and Irrelevant Task, Low Stress Group indicated the best performance, followed by Middle Stress Group and then, High Stress Group. These findings supported the attentional narrowing phenomenon. The results were discussed in terms of range and stability of me utilization. It is suggested that the attentional style of Low Stress Group would be active distraction and High Stress Group would be passive distraction. Consequently, the difference of attentional style between low and high arousal state appears to be necessary to explain the inverted-U hypothesis.

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The effects of intermittent-running training on the histochemical properties of nerve cell and Animals were subjected to a training program consisting of 30-sec treadmill running interposed with 90-sec rest period and were trained 20 times a day at 50m/min during 4 weeks. After the training, statistitally significant change in fibre distribution occurred in the superficial regions of tibialis anterior and plantaris muscles, where the percentage of FOG fibre increased and there was a concomitant decrease in the FG fibre percentage. Furthermore, in the deep regions of plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles, there were increase in the FOG fibre and decrease in FG fibre, respectively. In the large (>45μm) and medium (25-45μm) neurons; oxidative capacity increased after the training. With a histochemical analysis of motor unit type, the oxidative capacity in both fast twitch and slow twitch alpha motor units increased through the intermittent-running training.

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It has been postulated for many years that exercise training produces an enhanced sensitivity to insulin. The euglycemic insulin clamp technique was introduced by R.A. DeFronzo in 1979 as a way to estimate in vivo insulin sensitivity more physiologically. Using this technique, the present studies were consequently performed to evaluate the effect of physical training. Nine trained male athletes (middle distance runners) and 11 untrained male control subjects, aged 19-22 yrs, participated in this study. Insulin sensitivity was determined by the euglycemic insulin clamp technique (insulin infusion plus a variable glucose infusion). The amount of glucose infused is a measure of overall tissue sensitivity to insulin. Blood samples were collected every 5min throughout the clamp period for determination of glucose concentration, and at -10, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120min throughout the clamp period in order to measure insulin, FFA and Glycerol levels. In each subjects, the maximal aerobic power (Vo_2max) was determined by means of a standard incremental exercise test on a treadmill ergometer. Obtained results were as follows: 1) Vo_2max in the trained athletes (66.0±l.64m l/kg.min) was 3l.27% higher than in the untrained subjects (50.3±l.79 l/kg.min) (p<0.001). 2) The total amount of infused glucose (glucose metabolism) during the 20-120min clamp period averaged 11.14mg/kg.min in trained athletes, and 7.48mg/kg.min in untrained subjects. Glucose metabolism in trained athletes was significantly higher than in untrained subjects (p<0.001). 3) FFA and glycerol levels came to the almost same concentration in trained athletes and untrained subjects at the end of insulin c1amp. While FFA and glycerol levels of trained athletes were higher than those of untrained subjects at the basal level. Accordingly FFA (p<0.05) and glycerol(p<0.10) decrease of trained athletes were more than those of untrained subjects. These results confirmed that the euglycemic insulin clamp technique provides a more reliable estimate of training effects biochemically, and that physical training improves tissue sensitivity to exogenous insulin.

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To investigate the effects of string tension and racket size on ball rebound velocity, potential energy of the strained string during a dynamic impact was analysed. The hitting tests were also conducted in order to clarify the effects. In this study, regular and large-sized rackets were used. Each type of racket was strung with synthetic string at tensions of 25〜65 1b (111〜289N). The results obtained are as follows: 1) The rebound velocity depends on the hitting location of the racket face. And the peak point of velocity coincides approximately with the "sweet point" empirically estimated. 2) The rebound velocity increases as the string tension decreases in ordinary condition. 3) The large-sized racket has wider sweet area and larger rebound velocity than the regular-sized. 4) The potential energy of string during impact has considerable effects on the ball rebound velocity.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the factorical structure of attributional styles in sport situations, and to examine the effects of sex, developmental level, sport experience, and attitude toward sport on attributional styles by comparing with factor scores. A questionnaire designed to measure attributional styles in sport situations was developed and administered to 232 subjects. Principal factor analysis with normal vafimax rotation was applied to the two correlation matrices (positive and negative situations) and then the factor scores were compared. The main results were as follows: 1) In positive situations, 6 factors (interpreted as ability, teacher, effort, luck, difficulty, and opponent) were extracted, and, in negative situations, 6 factors were interpreted as ability, teacher, effort, luck, opponent, and difficulty. 2) It was inferred that in one hand males attributed the positive events to ability, difficulty, and opponent, and the negative events to difficulty, but on the other hand, females attributed the positive and negative events to effort. 3) It was inferred that, in accordance with the advance in age, effort attribution decreased, while ability and opponent attribution increased. 4) It was inferred that the tendency to attribute the positive events to ability and effort, and the negative events to effort increased in accordance with the advance in sport experiences. 5) It was inferred that the subjects who showed unfavorable attitude toward sport tend to attribute the positive enents to luck, and the negative events to ability and effort. These results and their implications were discussed.

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The purposes of the present study were to clearify the structure of team performance ability and investigate the relationship of its elements with game in volleyball. One hundred and twenty-eight sets competed in the 1982 Fall League of Intercollegiate Men's Volleyball were randamly selected to be analyzed. Twenty one variables classified into six domains of team performance were assumed to measure the team performance . The team performance measured by these 21 variables was analyzed usingprincipal factor analysis to find its factorial structure, and the relationship of the team performance elements extracted as factors with game was investigated by testing the defferences in these element scores between the lost sets and the won, and multiple regression analysis as well. The result were as follows : It could be inferred that the team performance in volleyball games was consisted of the following six elements: 1) Performance to get points by spiking, 2) Performance to get points by blocking, 3) Performance to get points by service, 4) Performance to get side-outs by spiking at the serve-receive situation, 5) Performance to get side-outs by spiking at the rally situation, 6) Performance to get side-outs by blocking. The team performance in volleyball games could be evaluated in terms of these six elements. It should be especially recognized that performance to get points by spiking, blocking and service are very important for evaluation of the team performance. It was also inferred that the game performance at each set was affeced primarily by the performance to get points by blocking, secondaly by the one to get points by spiking, and thirdly by the one to get points by service, and that the performance to get side-outs by spiking at the serve-receive situation might have a certain closer relationship with a each set when game was carried on in the seesaw game situation. The performance to get side-outs by spiking at rally situation might be element of the team performance which indicate how the performance to get side-outs in one team could confront with the performance to get points in another team.

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