Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences)
Online ISSN : 1881-7718
Print ISSN : 0484-6710
ISSN-L : 0484-6710
Volume 36, Issue 2
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages Cover5-
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Article type: Cover
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages Cover6-
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (31K)
  • Article type: Appendix
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages App3-
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Hisashi Sanada
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 97-104
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Greek people celebrated their own Olympic Games after independence from Turkey. It was in 1859 that they celebfated the first Olympic Games at Athens. They also celebrated it in 1870,75 and 89. And they held Panhellenic Games in 1891 and 93. Most of the historians have ignored the importance of these Greek Olympics. They have said that Greek Olympics had been local festivals and nothing to report. They misunderstood the truth, because thirty thousand people came to the stadium to watch the revival of the Olympic Games in 1870. It was not a local festival. Most of the historians did not investigate the Greek historical reports and materials, and they could not find the truth. It was D. Young that found the importance of Greek Olympics with the Greek historical materials. The author of this paper has also investigated some Greek materials, especially Chrisafis' book "Modern international Olympic Games (1930, Athens)". The following conclusions were derived; 1) Greek Olympics were held as a revival of the ancient Olympic Games. 2) The experience of these Greek Olympics made the first modern Olympic Games successful. 3) Coubertin knew the Greek Olympics, but did not recognize the importance. 4) Greek people insisted that Olympic Games should be held in Gree forever, because they had celebrated the Greek Olympic Games at Athens. 5) Greek people much contributed the revival of the modern Olympic Games as a result.
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  • Atsushi Inagaki, Yoshiyuki Matsuura
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 105-126
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purposes of this study were to examine the sex differences in structure of experiential knowledge regarding movement of sprint running, to estimate degree of subjective importance of the knowledge, and to clarify the relationshiip between both. Thirteen hundred and six college athletes participated in this study. The first questionnaire was designed to determine the key items fo investigate the structure of experiential knowledge regarding movement of sprint running and 224 items were chosen. The degree of importance of each item was assessed on 7-point rating scale. MDSCAL and COSCAL were applied to a dissimularity matrix in terms of each part of the body (i.e., head, arms, torso and legs), the extracted dimensions were rotated orthogonally based upon Normal Varimax criterion.Additionally, SMACOF, KARASCAL, IMDSCAL and ICOSCAL were applied to the data in terms of each part of the body so as to examine suitability of Weighted Euclidean Distance Model(WEM) and Simple Euclidean distance Model for each group (SEM) as representing the sex difference of structure. Furthermore, Schonemann's general Procrustes rotation was applied to ensure an appropriate comparison. similarity of the dimensions of male and female were evaluated by coeffidient of congruence. Nextly, the degree of importance of each item was estimated and sex differences were evaluated. Lastly, the relationship between the dgree of subjective importance and the dimension was evaludted with multiple regression analysis. Analysis of data indicated that three-dimensional spaced for head and torso, and four for arms and legs were good enough to explain the structure of experiential knowledge in each group. Thus the number of attributes systematizing knowledge are equal in both groups.Obvious differences were recognized in goodness of fit between SEM and WEM, so that sex differences in structure were assumed to be qualitative. It could be infered that the degree of importance of each item estimated in this study reflects specific knowledge regarding movement of sprint running because of high similarity between the results and general opinion of specialists in this field. High multiple correlations were obtained with regression analysis in all parts of the body, so that the degree of subjective importance was assumed to be determined with linear function of the dimensions obtained in this study.
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  • Kaoru Takamatsu, Hiroshi Aida, Koji Zushi
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 127-139
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study investigated the effects of isometric and eccentric preliminary muscle contractions on elbow flexion velocity with special reference to load and range of motion during concentric contraction. Subjects were fifteen healthy males. They performed elbow flexion with maximum concentric contraction, just followed by three types of preliminary muscle contraction, i.e., resting condition (After-load method: AL), maximum isometric contraction (Isometric quick release method: IQR), and maximum eccentric contraction (Eccentric quick release method: EQR). Loads during concentric contraction were nine kinds of equivalent mass ranging from 11.4 to 556.7 kg. Comparisons of force, velocity and EMG during concentric contraction were made among three methods. Although the effect of the preliminary contraction on the elbow flexion velocity was observed, the effect of EQR was larger than that of IQR. Furthermore,the effects of both EQR and IQR were remarkable in the only early phase during concentric contraction with the lighter loads. We discussed physiological and mechanical background producing forces at the starting point and from initial to final phases during concentric contraction, since the above effects of the preliminary muscle contractions would be caused by magnitude of their forces. Consequently, it was suggested that the effects of isometric and eccentric preliminary muscle contractions were caused by the complex of positive and negative effects based on some physiologidal and mechanical factors, i.e., activntion level of muscle at the starting point, reuse of elastic energy and decrease of loss energy in early phase, and excitation and inhibition of contractile energy from initial to middle phases during concentric contraction.
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  • Masamichi Okuno, Yukihiro Goto, Michio Shimada
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 141-155
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Two groups consisting of five and three adult males, who are skilled and unskilled in the windmill pitch, respectively, were selected as the subjects, and the electromyographic difference in the pitching originated in the skill level and ball velocity was studied using of EMG's and VTR's. 1) Between the initial velocity of ball (Y) and maximum angular velocity (X) of the angle between horizontal and the line connecting shoulder and wrist, the relationships found for the skilled subjects were y=0.020x - 1.28 (r=.913, p&lt.001) and the unskilled y= 0.015x + 0.73(r=.867, p&lt.01), respectively. 2) The unskilled had no significant correlation between the horizontal maximum velocity of the wrist and maximum angular velocity of the angle between the forearm and brachium, and this finding suggests that they can not use their elbow joint for pitching. 3) Between the initial velocity of the ball and horizontal maximum velocity of the wrist just before releasing the ball, a significant correlation was found for both the skilled (r=.634,p&lt.05) and the unskilled (r=.754, p&lt.05). 4) Between the initial velocity of the ball and snap ratio, a significant correlation was seen for both these groups, skilled (r=.852, p&lt.001) and unskilled (r=.759, p&lt.05), and had comparable regression coefficients. 5) The skilled subjects' pitching consisted of some motion characteristics; a great step length, trunk twisting in the throwing direction, adduction of the shoulder joint, extension and pronation of the elbow joint, and flexion of the wrist joint, while the unskilled showed a small step length, flexion of shoulder joint with a touch of abduction, and the flexion of the wrist joint. 6) The pitching, especially the velocity of ball, was dependent on the skill level even among the skilled subjects. This fact appeared to result from the magnitude of the rotation speed of the upperlimb, the transfer of kinetic energy to the ball via applying the upper portion of forearm on the trunk at the end of forward swing phase, efficiency of the snap motion, and the translational velocity of the center of body's gravity. 7) It was thought that among the skilled, the ball velocity was controlled by the rotation speed of the upperlimb and the strength of the trunk twist. In comparison, the unskilled controlled the velocity by delaying the timing for increasing the rotation speed of the upperlimb and the change in the strength of the backward kick. 8) The unskilled subjects had poor ability for exhibiting stable performance, which was caused by the rotation speed of the shoulder joint and uncertain snap motion fluctuated ball-releasing point.
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  • Toshifumi Tokunaga
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 157-170
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Recently people's attitude toward sport has been changing and varying. Some researches have shown that one's attitude toward sport varies with the type of sport, sex, age, and academic background. However, no researches have ever been made on regional differences in one's attitude toward sport. It is considered that there are considerable regional differences in change and variety of one's attitude toward sport. It would be useful in promoting community sport to clarify regional diffefences in one's attitude toward sport. This time, this paper foucused on women'n volleyball that is so-called "mamasan"volleyball, which is popular all over Japan, trying to find out what attitude women's volleyball menbers have toward sport in Okayama City, Tarumi Ward in Kobe city, and Mitaka City in Tokyo. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Women's volleyball members in the three regions like communicating with each other,and have a conventional attitude toward sport, such as spiritualism and devotion. 2. As for regional differences, the members tend to show a conventional attitude in Okayama, devotion in Tarumi, and formal commitment in Mitaka. 3. Factor analysis shows that the first factor is communication in all of the three regions.The second and third factors are spiritualism and enjoying ordinary game in Okayama;spiritualism and devotion in Tarumi; non-victory and vitality in Mitaka. 4. Analysis of the women's volleyball members showd regional differences in their attitude toward sport.
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  • Takaki Seita, Hiroshi Yoshigi, Hideo Numazawa
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 171-175
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present study was conducted 1) to determine if the use of residual volume (RV) or functional residual capacity (FRC) in underwater weighing yields any difference in body density measurements, and 2) to compare reliability of values of body density which were obtained by underwater weighing at FRC and those obtained by underwater weighing at RV. Subjects were 52 healthy young men. Thirteen of those were retested in order to assess the reliability of values. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The correlation coefficient between the determinations of body density by underwater weighing at RV and FRC was r=0.87. Small but statistically significant differences in body density were observed with the use of RV vs FRC (p&lt0.05). (2) The correlation coefficients between the two determinations of lung volume were r=0.841 and r=0.914 for RV and FRC, respectively. Statistically significant differences between the two values were not found for either RV or FRC.b (3) The correlation coefficients between the two determinations of underwater weight were r=0.884 and r=0.896 at RV and FRC, respectively. Statistically significant differences between the two values of underwater weight were not found for either RV or FRC data. (4) Test-retest reliability values for body density were r=0.915 and r=0.906 at RV and FRC, respectively. Further, the mean difference of the two values for both RV and FRC data was not statistically significant. Results from this study demonstrated that the values of body density obtained by underwater weighing at FRC correlated highly with those obtained by underwater weighing at RV and that they were reliable.
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  • Ryoichi Mitsuzono, Shigeru Katsuta, Yoji Kanao, Hirofumi Miyata, Kazun ...
    Article type: Article
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 177-183
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study was to determine alactic O_2 debt and lactic O_2 debt in long-distance renners, and to evaluate the relationship between the property of skeletal muscle fiber and O_2 debt capacity. Biopsy samples were taken from M. vastus lateralis of 13 long-distance runners, and analyzed for muscle fiber composition, capillary supply and SDH activity. O_2 debt capacity was measured on a treadmill running, and calculated for alactic O_2 debt and lactic O_2 debt. The results would be summarized as follows: Percentage of ST fibers, capillary density and SDH activity averaged 66.0 ± 0.4%, 274 ± 54/cm^2 and 6.38 ± 2.59 μmoles/g/min, respectively. The mean value for maximal O_2 debt was 8088 ± 1574/ml (135.2 ± 30.4 ml/kg), while alactic O_2 debt averaged 2316 ± 441 ml (38.4 ± 7.1 ml/kg) and lactic O_2 debt averaged 5772 ± 1574 ml (96.8 ± 29.7 ml/kg). The correlations between capillary density (/mm^2) and maximal,lactic 0_2 debt (ml, ml/kg) were significantly negative (r=0.616〜 -0.630, p&lt0.05). But the correlations between % ST; SDH activity and O_2 debt capacity (ml, ml/kg) were found to be not significant. The results of this study suggested that capillary density was a factor to regulate lactic O_2 debt and/or maximal O_2 debt in long-distance runners.
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 185-186
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 187-
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (231K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages Cover7-
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (30K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1991 Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages Cover8-
    Published: September 01, 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (30K)
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