The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the progress of the discussion for physical education profession at the period of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education (AAAPE,1885-1903). Dr. L. H. Gulick's suggestion is regarded as an oldest opinion in those days. His "A New Profession, '' which has published at the fifth annual meeting(1890), become the object of attention. He advocates firmly that physical education profession must be intrinsically a broad, scientific, philosophic field, and also as one of the departments in education. Taking advantage of this suggestion, some discussion has been made. After that, following three problems of association are proceeded further. First problem is to suggest a list of valuable books and articles on physical education. Second problem is to suggest a list of studies for this profession corresponding to the studies of the medical school. Third problem is to suggest a degree which is a suitable one for this profession. The discussion of physical education profession has reached its climax in 1899, at the 11th annual convention. Noticeably, with relation to above third problem "a suitable degree'', the resolution suggested by the executives has made a thorough revision as follow. "(1) It is contrary to the best interests of physical education for teachers of gymnasgics and directors of physical training unless they have had special preparation, to profess or be expected to serve either as experts in school hygiene or as practitioners in Mechanotherapy. (2) A medical degree in itself cannot be considered as a sufficient qualification for a position as director of physical training or teacher of gymnastics. (3) A professional course of training is a necessary qualification for the teacher of gymnastics or director of physical training.'' Above-mentioned progresses of discussion prove that the members intend to give academic status of physical education upon the basis of medical science. This progress of discussion, on the other hand, shows an inevitable step of dissension between small number of members who have taken a medical degree and large number of gymnastic teachers, preferably experts of practical gymnastic instruction. This dissension is closely bound up with the plan of teacher training and/or the certification of gymnastic teachers. Some members who have founded normal gymnastic school themselves carry their opinionated leadership into the establishment of physical education profession. Their opinions have an inclination to urge the specialization of physical educator. This may be given as a conclusion that the discussions of the general nature of educator rather recede than assist the discussion of the proper nature of physical educator.

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The purposes of this study were to clarify the possibility of progress of throwing ability on adult females, and to examine effective instructional methods of throwing. Twenty-four female students who had no special experiences of motor learning of throwing were divided into three groups; two training groups (WI group: throwing exercise with verbal instruction and demonstration, and NI group: throwing exercise without instruction) and one control group. Training was carried out three days per week for four weeks. Measuring physical fitness and analyzing throwing motions were performed before and after the training period. In the WI group, throwing distance increased significantly from 24.38 m to 30.38 m. Actions of arm and legs during preparatory phase of throwing were changed, consequently factors of action at starting of main phase of throwing were also changed. It seemed that these changes leaded to faster forward rotation of shoulder during main phase of throwing, skillful whip-like action and wrist action. In the NI group, throwing distance increased from 24.67 m to 27.17 m insignificantly. Remarkable changes of throwing motions were not recognized except for the increase of range of shoulder rotation. It is concluded that throwing distance and throwing motion are changed remarkably by throwing exercise with proper instructions of technique.

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We investigated the contribution of the motions in the upper torso and the throwing arm joints to the ball velocity during the baseball throw. The ball velocities caused by the anatomical rotations at the upper torso, shoulder, elbow, wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints were calculated as the vector products between the anatomical angular velocity vectors of joints and the respective relative displacement vectors from the joint centers to the center of ball, by using a mathematical model reported by Sprigings et al. (1994). Horizontal throws of twenty-four male university baseball players were filmed using a three-dimensional DLT method. In order to verify the ball velocities obtained from the anatomical joint rotations from the instant of the stride foot contact to the ball release, the velocity of ball measured directly from video recording was compared with that calculated by the mathematical model. A good agreement was acquired between the velocity of ball measured and that calculated. The velocities obtained from the left-rotation, flexion at the upper torso joint and the horizontal flexion at the shoulder joint contributed to the ball velocity in the early phase where the increase of ball velocity was slow. The velocities obtained from the internal-rotation at the shoulder joint, extension at the elbow joint, palmar-flexion at the wrist joint, and left-rotation/flexion at the upper torso joint contributed in the late phase where the increase of ball velocity was rapid. At the ball release, the contribution of each joint, which is the ratio of the positive ball velocity obtained from the anatomical joint rotations to the summation of individual positive ball velocities was as follows; 34.1% by the internal-rotation at the shoulder, 17.7% by the palmar-flexion at the wrist, 15.2% by the extension at the elbow, and 9.6% by the left-rotation at the upper torso joint.

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The patient adopted a road work, as a method of training to start again after some weeks pause.As a result, he was suffered from pain on lateral aspect of the knee (iliotibial band friction syndrome) on the first day of training. After taking rest for a few week, he started training with a bicycle in order to make up for a dificit in exercise, which resulted in development of quadriceps femoris muscle and decreased knee pain. This method of training provided enough energy expenditure as a measure of prevention of obesity for a general person. This method of training also prevented from other injuries. Therefore, it seemed to be valid to build up the basic muscle endurance and power of the legs and a useful method before activity starting training in various ways. Though muscular durability was raised, a muscle power was not raised enough by the bicycle training only. It was thought that in order to make athletic performance at higher levels, other power training was additionaly needed.

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