Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences)
Online ISSN : 1881-7718
Print ISSN : 0484-6710
ISSN-L : 0484-6710
Volume 48, Issue 1
Displaying 1-23 of 23 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages Cover1-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Cover
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages Cover2-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages App1-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages App2-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages App3-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Yoshihiro Kamihara, Keiji Umeno
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 1-14
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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    We examined teachers' verbal interactions employed to enhance the skills of students, through analysis of the records of their spoken words and actions in two groups of classes showing higher attitude scores: one group comprised classes with markedly high learning outcome (skills) (high score group; hereafter referred to as the HSC group), and the other comprised those with no marked outcome (low score group; LSC group). In October and November 1999, long-jump exercise lessons were given to fifth and sixth graders, constituting six classes. In all classes, in which the same teaching plan (problem-solving-type program) was used, all spoken words and actions of the teachers were recorded by VTR in the 2nd, 5th, 8th and 11th lessons, each of which constituted the core of the learning stage. All elements of the spoken words, which were connected with the behavior of the teachers, were classified by parts of speech, the minimum elements of sentences, and their frequencies were counted in each 45-minute session (the analyzed parts of speech are hereafter referred as to AS). The results obtained were as follows: 1) The frequencies of ordinary parts of speech in Japanese (for example: nouns or meishi; verbs or doshi; adjectives or keiyoshi; adverbs or fukushi; post-positional articles or joshi; interjections or kandoshi; and adjectival verbs or keiyodoshi) were compared between the two groups, but no significant differences were noted. This was considered to bebecause all six teachers analyzed in this study showed high attitude scores: this supports the findings of the previous report. 2) Comparison of the frequency of teachers' interactional words use in the HSC and LSC groups showed that adjectives (keiyoshi [positive]) that served to improve skills were used significantly (P<5%) more frequently in the HSC group than in the LSC group. 3) The frequencies per lesson of interactional words were compared for adjectives (keiyoshi [positive]) used generally in class, and for parts of speech concerning characteristics of long-jump skills (daimeishi [personal], meishi [parts of body, movement, timing]) used when teachers helped children to solve problems (targets). It was found that in each case, the frequencies of use were significantly (P<5%) higher in the HSC group than in the LSC group. Furthermore, when teachers promoted understanding about problems (targets), parts of speech (kandoshi [positive]) to improve class atmosphere were used significantly (P<5%) more frequently in the LSC group than in the HSC group. 4) On the basis of the results mentioned in 3) and the results from previous research (Kamihara, Umeno, 2000), the parts of speech used by teachers in promoting children's understanding of problems (targets) and in helping children solve problems (targets) were broadly classified into three categories: parts of speech relating only to attitude scores, those relating only to skill, and those relating to both attitude scores and skill. 5) The verbal interaction used to enhance skills in the USC group was shaped from the teacher's understanding of the formative information about children's problems (targets) as the foundation, arid based on "verbal interaction for understanding children's problems (targets)." Furthermore, in the process of "monitoring," as the teacher possessed the "observational ability" to immediately and definitively assess the content of the "corrective (skills) feedback" given to children, it was clear that this teacher's verbal interaction was deeply connected to the context of solving each individual child's problems.
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  • Sungjin Yoon, Kenji Tauchi, Kaoru Takamatsu
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 15-25
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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    The purpose of this study was to investigate gastroenemius muscle-achilles tendon complex(MTC) stiffness in rebound drop jump (RDJ) on slanted contact surfaces in athletes from the perspective of jump skill level. To explain the difference according to jump skill level, nine male athletes and nine male controls executed a RDJ from a height of 30 cm (RDJ30) on three different surface gradients. The surfaces were an S-degree uphill gradient (U8), an 8-degree downhill gradient (D8), and a level type (L). Force plate data, limb position and EMG of the medial head of m. gastrocnemius and m. tibialis anterior were recorded simultaneously during all jumps. The length change of MTC (L_<MTC>) during the eccentric phase was calculated according to the model of Grieve et al. (1978). The athletes showed a higher ratio of achilles tendon force at the midpoint to LMTC (ATF_<MID>/L_<MTC), and the mean stretch velocity of MTC (VMTC) in RDJ3O on U8 than they did on L. Conversely, the controls showed a lower ATF_<MID>/L_<MTC> and V_<MTC> in RDJ30 on U8 than they did on L. This was because the athletes showed significantly higher IEMG of the medial head of m. gastrocnemius (IEMG_<GAS>) and lower IEMG of m. tibialis anterior (IEMG_<TA>) during the pre-activation and eccentric phases than those of the controls. These results indicate that when performing rebound drop jumps on up-hill-type conditions it is important to carefully consider differences in MTC stretch load according to jump skill level.
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  • Yoshio Nakata, Kiyoji Tanaka, Hunkyung Kim, Hitoshi Amagai, Ryosuke Sh ...
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 27-35
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is well known that total body mass (BM) is positively associated with bone mineral content (BMC). However, the extent to which BM, fat mass (FM), and lean mass (LM) are related to BMC remains unclear. Considering that chronic loading of a bone is perhaps the most important factor affecting bone mass, evaluation of the relationship between these variables should consider the load placed on segments of the body. Therefore, this study examined the changes in regional body composition (i.e., total body, arms, legs, and trunk) during diet-induced reduction of BM. Seventy obese women (age 48.5 ± 7.8 yr) were randomly assigned to two groups: diet (D, n = 42) and control (C, n = 28). Subjects in group D participated in one dietary counseling session per week and their energy in-take was restricted to 1070 ± 240 kcal/d. BM, FM, LM, and BMC of each segment decreased significantly (P<0.05) except for BMC_<ARMS>. Positive correlations (P<0.05) between percentage change (%change) in BMC and %changes in BM, FM, and LM were observed for every segment except FM_<TRUNK>, LM_<LEGS>, and total LM. Comparing the correlations of %changes in BM, FM, and LM to %change in BMC, %change in BM had the highest association with %change in BMC in each segment (r = 0.39 to 0.65). However, in the arms, the correlation between %change in BM_<CARMS> and %change in LM_<ARMS> (r = 0.65) was equivalent to the correlation between %change in total BMC and %change in total BM (r = 0.61). These results suggest that BM is the greatest contributor in the loaded segment (i.e., trunk and legs), and LM is also an important contributor in the unloaded segment (i.e., arms).
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  • Tomoko Tanaka, Seijiro Tsutsui
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 37-44
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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    This study examined the effects of summary feedback and self-estimation about movement re-suits using a task in which a ball was thrown at a backward target. Acquisition trials were per-formed on four consecutive days. Practice for each day was composed of 48 trials. A 10-trial retention test was administered three days after the 4th day of acquisition trial sessions. None of the main effects for summary feedback, the main effect for self-estimation, and the summary feedback × self-estimation interaction were significant. The lack of a self-estimation effect seemed to be due mainly to task characteristics, which made participants of all groups estimate performance even if they were not instructed to do so. The lack of an effect for summary feedback also seemed to be due to task characteristics, which required participants to compensate variables. The differences between the ball-hitting points and estimation points became smaller as the number of trials increased, suggesting that at least temporary error detection capability was developed.
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  • Kiyoji Tanaka, Ryosuke Shigematsu
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 45-47
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Kazutoshi Kitazawa
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 49-56
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Focusing on historical moments in society, we find that the concept of health has altered not only with medical theories but also according to political and economic circumstances, and the concept of the body. When Japanese physicians studied the Western medical science in the early 19th century, they had to coin the new word kenko to translate a physiological concept in which all parts of the body, including organs and tissues, function in harmony and without any problem. Kenko has the same meaning as English word health" in contemporary Japan, but it had been regarded as a medical term until the end of Edo Period. Yukichi Fukuzawa, the most famous leader of the Meiji Era, enlightened people by frequently using the word kenko in his books and papers and popularized it. In the late 19th century, he redefined the concept of kenko as a tough body sufficiently resilient to overcome epidemics or social unrest to meet the political demands of the Japanese government. While Japan was struggling to modernize its society and catch up with the West after the Meiji Restoration, the concept of kenko was used as a tool to conquer poverty and encourage ordinary people, an important resource for establishing an industrialized country and a strong military. It is now necessary to reconstruct the concept of kenko on the basis of the appropriate relationship between the people's contribution and governmental support for maintaining public health. A positive concept of kenko, which encourages an active attitude toward exercise, should be changed to a negative one which discourages people from engaging in dangerous or harmful behavior. Such a negative concept of kenko would protect individual liberty against social intervention which would demand them to contribute to the state.
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 57-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 58-83
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 84-130
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 131-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 132-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages 133-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages App4-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages App5-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages App6-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages App7-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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  • Article type: Cover
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages Cover3-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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    Download PDF (91K)
  • Article type: Cover
    2003 Volume 48 Issue 1 Pages Cover4-
    Published: January 10, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: September 27, 2017
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