Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences)
Online ISSN : 1881-7718
Print ISSN : 0484-6710
ISSN-L : 0484-6710
Volume 51, Issue 1
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
Original investigations
  • Nobuhiko Kiyohara, Yuri Kobayakawa, Harvard Lyman, Tetsuaki Osafune
    2006 Volume 51 Issue 1 Pages 1-9
    Published: 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A study was conducted to identify the bacterial flora present in outdoor and indoor swimming pools of a university facility used by healthy individuals and where the water quality was appropriately controlled. Bacteria that were isolated at high frequency throughout the year were gram-positive rods, Bacillus species, and gram-positive cocci, Staphylococcus species. All of the bacteria belonging to these two genera were essentially regarded as non-pathogenic. Other bacterial groups sampled from both pools were found to be members of medically non-problematic bacterial flora on the basis of their characteristics, showing that the water quality of the two pools was appropriately controlled. The swimming pools are appropriately managed, and treated with the disinfectant sodium hypochlorite at 0.4-1.0 ppm, as specified by Japanese law. Some species of the genera Pseudomonas and Serratia have recently been attracting attention as etiological agents of opportunistic infections. Therefore, P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens isolated in this study were subjected to a step-wise sodium hypochlorite sensitivity disk-test. Both bacteria formed an inhibition zone only around (on) a disc containing sodium hypochlorite at a very high concentration of 50 ppm, showing that some species of Pseudomonas and Serratia detected in the swimming pools were resistant to sodium hypochlorite.
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  • Eiji Uchida, Isao Kambayashi
    2006 Volume 51 Issue 1 Pages 11-20
    Published: 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study was conducted to clarify the influence of circuit training carried out once a week on the mood state and physical fitness of college students. Thirty-five healthy college students (6 males, 29 females) participated. Students completed an exercise set consisting of six items, and repeated these in sets of three during physical education class once per week for 8 weeks. The effect of the training was evaluated by comparison of the maximal repetition (MR) values in the maximum score test (MST) carried out one week before and one week after a training period. Mood state was determined by Mood Check List-Short Form 1 (MCL-S.1), by which mood state is assessed as a pleasant feeling, a relaxed feeling, and a feeling of anxiety. The students made these assessments immediately before and 5 minutes after every exercise. The influence of the physical fitness level was assessed in female students with high TS values (HG, n=6) and in female students with low TS values (LG, n=6). All of the MR values in the MSTs and the height of a vertical jump were increased significantly after the training period. The results of repeated measures ANOVA performed on data obtained from all of the students showed that the pleasant feeling score increased significantly after the exercise (p<0.05), whereas the relaxed feeling and the feeling of anxiety scores did not change. The mood state scores before and after exercise did not show a significant difference between the HG and the LG. The pleasant feeling scores for both groups were positive in both the HG and LG, indicating that the exercise resulted in a desirable mood state. These results showed that the circuit training program was effective for increasing the level of physical fitness and that it improved the pleasant feeling of individuals, regardless of their physical fitness level.
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  • Kazuaki Sakai, Ryuhei Itoh, Toshihiro Otaka, Kaoru Takamatsu
    2006 Volume 51 Issue 1 Pages 21-32
    Published: 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Individualization is an important principle for effective physical training in any sports. In ball games, however, most players tend to perform the same training programs. This means they can not always achieve their personal training objectives during the preparation phase. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of training by two different methods on high power output during intermittent exercise. For this purpose, 14 university male basketball players performed a 20-set intermittent exercise test consisting of a combination of high-power (maximum effort) and low-power exercise prior to this study (pre). All subjects employed the same training methods that contained some anaerobic and aerobic training in the first 8 weeks (same training period, 2 days/week). The subjects were then divided into two groups (anaerobic group and aerobic group), who performed different training programs according to their training objectives for the following 8 weeks (different training period, 2 days/week). The anaerobic group and the aerobic group focused on improving their aerobic endurance and anaerobic power, respectively. After the same training period (mid) and the different training period (post), all subjects performed an interval test as mentioned above. The average velocity of the first 3 sets (1-3AveV) and the last 3 sets (18-20AveV) of the interval test and the fatigue index of velocity (FIV) were compared between the groups at the pre, mid and post stages. The main results were as follows: (1) At the mid stage, the aerobic group showed an improvement in 18-20AveV (p<0.05), but no change in 1-3AveV was observed in either group. FIV decreased in both groups from the pre to mid stage (p<0.05). There was no change in the type of the physical strength characteristic seen from anaerobic and aerobic capacities after the same training period. (2) At the post stage, no differences in the performance of the interval test were observed between the groups. The aerobic group showed an improvement of 1-3AveV from the mid to the post stage, and each group showed an increase of 18-20AveV from the pre to the post stage (p<0.05). FIV decreased in the anaerobic group from the mid to the post stage (p<0.05). These results indicate that the individualization principle is essential in physical training for ball game athletes in order for them to achieve their personal training objectives.
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  • Hideaki Kinoshita
    2006 Volume 51 Issue 1 Pages 33-48
    Published: 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper attempts to clarify the process of change from Gekiken and Kenjutsu to Kendo at the beginning of the 20th Century. The former two terms were widely used to mean swordsmanship with a bamboo sword. However, only the latter term is currently employed, despite the fact that it had been scarcely used at the time of the former two. At the end of the 19th Century, Gekiken was disliked by intellectuals because it marked a change from a real martial art to competition with a bamboo sword, and Kendo began to find favor instead of Gekiken even though the principle of Kendo had not been properly defined. In 1908, Shizuo Sakaguchi, a student, suggested that the concept of Kendo should consist of not only Kenjutsu training but also the mental discipline that is required for swordsmanship. However, his ideas did not gain immediate acceptance. In 1909, the Tokyo Higher Normal School changed the term Gekiken to Kendo, thus following the mainstream trend of adopting Kendo without any set idea of its content. Although in 1911 the Ministry of Education permitted Gekiken to be taught in secondary schools, the School intended to retain the term Kendo as a descriptor, and therefore it became necessary to properly define its content. Accordingly, Michiaki Nagai, the only professor of gymnastics at the School, emphasized the mental aspects of Kendo, as the suffix “-do” means “the way” for perfection of swordsmanship, as opposed to Gekiken and Kenjutsu, as the terms mean literally “hitting with” and “handling” a sword. The first special school for swordsmanship instructors was set up by the Ministry in 1911, and thereafter use of the term Kendo spread to all schools. The final aspect of this change of thought was the adoption of the term Budo instead of Bujutsu, meaning “martial art”, by the Great Japan Martial Virtue Association in 1919.
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  • Kohei Ueno
    2006 Volume 51 Issue 1 Pages 49-60
    Published: 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Previous studies on the acquisition of life skills through sport have paid attention to the relationship between the acquisition of skills and behavior modification, while few studies have examined the relationship between skill acquisition and psychological aspects. This study focused on the relationship between goal-setting skill (GS), which can be acquired by participation in athletic clubs, and time perspective (TP). The aim of this study was to clarify (1) the influence of GS acquired by participation in an athletic club on TP, and (2) instructions that can promote the development of TP. In study 1, a service program for acquiring GS through participation in an athletic club (SPG) was introduced to 15 members of a technical college soccer club. The program consisted of 5-hours of lectures and practices in goal-setting in both sport and daily life. The results showed that the SPG was mostly useful. In study 2, a service program for acquiring GS and TP through participation in the athletic club (SPGT), which was developed from the SPG in study 1, was introduced to 53 members of a junior high school soccer club. The program consisted of 4-hours of lectures and practices in goal-setting through the perspective of both sport and daily life. From the results of study 2, it is clarified that (1) acquisition of GS through participation in an athletic club is possible, (2) acquisition of GS affects the development of TP, and (3) instructions that are based on a scheme for the formation of TP have a limited affect on the development of TP. Consequently, it is considered that GS acquired through participation in an athletic club promotes the development of TP.
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  • Hiroo Takahashi, Akira Maeda, Hidetsugu Nishizono, Hiroshi Kurata
    2006 Volume 51 Issue 1 Pages 61-69
    Published: 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Tennis has a peculiar scoring system. The purpose of this study was clarify the importance of counting one game in tennis matches by studying data from actual games, comprising 42 men's singles matches (907 games) during the Kyushu collegiate tennis championships held in 1997 and 1998. The main criterion for the analysis was the relationship between point-winning at each score and game-winning. It was found that (1) the rate of point-winning by game-winning players was 67.0%, and that the rate of point-winning by opponents was 33.0%. The game-winning players obtained 2/3 of all points. Furthermore (2), the rate of point-winning by players with a leading score was comparatively high at the time of either leading, such as in an up count or a down count, as well as when there was a difference in points at game-point. In particular, the rate of point-winning by game-winning players was significantly high on 0-15 and 15-30. (3) At scores of 30-30 and deuce (i.e. even count), the rate of point-winning by game-winning players was significantly high. These scores led an even count to game-point. These scores also showed a high frequency, and were the key to winning the game. These results suggest that scores of 30-30 and deuce are keys to game-winning, when gaining one point can lead to victory.
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