This study examined the 1955 setback to the plan aimed at establishing the Sport Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) as part of the policymaking process related to establishing the Physical Education Bureau of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (MESC) in 1958. By focusing on related interests, institutions, and ideas, the following points emerged.
　From the viewpoint of mutual interests, the various parties involved in physical education and sports were united about the need to establish an administrative organization. However, when the plan for MHW Sports Bureau emerged, a conflict of interest between the MESC and the MHW arose. Furthermore, the Japan Sports Association carefully observed trends in the MESC and MHW and acted to maximize its own interests.
　With regard to the institutions involved, during this period the government was basically not in a position to establish new administrative organizations because of the restrictions imposed by simplification of the administrative structure. In exceptional cases, political and public support was essential for the establishment of new administrative organizations. On the other hand, the partial revision of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture establishment act in 1952 changed the organizational principle of the MESC internal bureaus, thereby eliminating one of the restrictions that prevented the establishment of the Physical Education Bureau. This was an important change in the reestablishment of the Bureau in 1958.
　From the viewpoint of ideas, the Minister Matsumura of the MESC was cautious about administrative intervention, whereas Minister Kawasaki of the MHW was proactive. However, the concept of the government actively intervening in public health and sanitation in postwar Japan was unfamiliar and provoked opposition. In addition, the Health and Physical Education Council proposed the concept of a Physical Education Bureau of the MESC, and ideas subsequently accumulated. On the other hand, there was no accumulation of ideas for the Sports Bureau of the MHL. Therefore, Kawasaki's statement was regarded as “just an idea”. Moreover, the opposition of the MESC to this plan meant that it created a “dualization” problem and was not supported by the public.

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　The purpose of this study was to clarify the performance and kinetic characteristics of the rebound jump (RJ) in high jumpers and the characteristics of changes in RJ performance and kinetics in top level high jumpers. An evaluation perspective for effectively improving stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) performance of the lower limb, which is important for improving high jump competition records, was also formulated using the RJ test. Fourteen male high jumpers performed the RJ test and were categorized into upper and lower groups based on their median competition performance. RJ performance (RJ-index, contact time, and jump height) and kinetics (torque, power, work, and relative work) were calculated and evaluated statistically through Pearson correlations and independent t tests (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between high jump competition records and the RJ-index and jump height, which were significantly higher in the upper group than in the lower group. The RJ-index, jumping height, negative ankle joint power, knee concentric torque and positive knee joint power were significantly higher in the upper group than in the lower group. However, there was no significant difference in contact time between the groups. Additionally, the RJ test and competition records of high jumper A over a 7-year period showed that this individual's contact time during takeoff in the RJ was comparable to the overall average, whereas the RJ-index and jump height were above average. In addition, high jumper A's ankle negative and positive power values during takeoff in the RJ were higher than the upper group average. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the knee eccentric torque and the RJ-index. Therefore, evaluation of not only the performance variables of the RJ test, but also the characteristics of force exertion in the takeoff of the high jump can be taken into account to obtain a perspective for assessing the lower limb SSC performance of high jumpers.

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　The present study examined the relationship between family background and exercise habits in adulthood. Although previous studies have examined the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and exercise habits, few have focused on the relationship between exercise habits in adulthood and SES of the family of origin. It has been suggested that the family's SES is correlated with exercise habits in childhood, and that such habits may be linked to those in adulthood. Furthermore, an individual's SES, including education and occupation, may be influenced by his/her family's SES. Thus, it is expected that a family's SES may affect an individual's exercise habits in adulthood directly or indirectly. In order to test this hypothesis, the present study examined the relationship between a family's SES and individual exercise habits in adulthood. The study was conducted at 2 different time points, as it has been found that the association between SES and exercise habits changed from the early 2000s to 2010s.
　Quantitative analysis of a Japanese General Social Survey performed in 2002 and 2018 was conducted. The sample was divided into 4 subgroups (according to sex and year). Multiple group structural equation modeling was employed. The dependent variable was the number of exercise days per month. The independent variables were family SES, particularly the economic condition at 15 years of age, educational attainment of the parents and the father's occupational prestige score, and the SES of the respondents, particularly their equivalent household income, educational attainment, and occupational prestige score.
　The results indicated that each variable in the family SES had an indirect positive effect on exercise habits in adulthood via the respondents' educational attainment. This means that those who grew up in families with a high SES tended to be more highly educated and thus more likely to exercise. Therefore, in order to reduce inequalities in exercise habits attributable to family SES, it is necessary to promote exercise habits among those with lower levels of education. Furthermore, although the father's occupational prestige score had a negative direct effect on women's exercise habits in 2002, this association was no longer statistically significant in 2018. This may be explained by changes in attitudes to gender roles and increases in sports participation between 2002 and 2018. Finally, the limitations of this research were discussed.

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　The purposes of this study were 1) to estimate the metabolic energy/power of canoe sprint kayaking in terms of both accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) and calculated energy production (AnAL+L), 2) to quantify anaerobic and aerobic metabolism during 120 s of all-out paddling and to determine the validity of the estimates calculated from the theoretical model equations, 3) to calculate propulsive efficiency (η_pro) from the relationship between mechanical power and propulsive power based on kayak ergometer tests and a 500-m time trial test on the water, 4) to calculate the energy cost of kayaking (C_K) and to determine the effects of η_pro and body weight on C_K, and 5) to simulate the metabolic power, mechanical power and propulsive power required to achieve the boat speed of an elite canoe sprint paddler. Both the AOD and AnAL+L approaches demonstrated a significant regression between mechanical power and metabolic power. Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism estimated from the model equations during 120 s of all-out paddling were not significantly different from the measured values. The η_pro was 77.7±5.6%, showing a significant positive correlation with the average boat speed in the 500-m trial. The C_K per body weight at any given speed was lower for kayakers with a greater body weight when η_pro was a predetermined value. Based on these parameters, the present study was able to determine the required level of energy system fitness and technique for canoe sprint kayakers.

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　When an experienced athlete suddenly stops during a movement, it is called an “interruption phenomenon”. This phenomenon is common in gymnastics, but can lead to a decline in performance and constitute a problem for athletes and coaches. Furthermore, it is difficult to overcome.
　During training, coaches must provide individualized and appropriate countermeasures that are guided by concrete case studies and general theories about this problem.
　Therefore, in the present study, the case of a female gymnast (referred to as “gymnast A”) who was troubled by the interruption phenomenon during “round-off-somersault dismounts” from a balance beam was analyzed from the standpoint of phenomenological movement theory. By modifying her unstable “toe-up run” to a more stable “solid foot run”, gymnast A was able to let her “rhythm the specific melody of motion” unconsciously form this skill, and the interruption phenomenon was resolved.
　The present results helped to clarify some of the causes of the interruption phenomenon. We were able to clarify the problems that may occur in coaching to eliminate this phenomenon and how to solve them, as well as providing new technical information that would help with round-off-somersault dismounts.

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　The purpose of this study was to clarify the energy conversion between the vaulter and the pole in relation to the maximal height of the center of the vaulter's gravity (CG) in the pole vault. Eight male vaulters (season record = 5.32±0.36 m) participated in this experiment. The vaulter's energy and the pole energy were calculated based on the three-dimensional coordinates of reflective markers attached to their bodies collected by a motion capture system, and the box reaction force of the pole measured with a force plate. To clarify the interaction between the vaulter and the pole, vaulting was divided into 2 main phases: the “pole bending phase” and the “pole recoiling phase”. Additionally, by referring to the phase division used in the practical field, the pole bending phase and the pole recoiling phase were divided into the “drive phase” and “swing phase”, and the “rock back phase” and “inverted phase”, respectively. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1. The larger the vaulter's translational kinetic energy (E_t) at take-off, the strain elastic energy in the pole (E_pole) at maximal pole bending, and E_t at pole straight became, the higher the maximal height of CG became.
2. The smaller the increase in the vaulter's potential energy in the drive phase became, the higher the maximal height of CG became. Additionally, when E_t at take-off was the control variable, the smaller the decrease in E_t in the drive phase became, the higher the maximal height of CG became.
3. The larger the decrease in E_t and the increase in E_pole in the swing phase became, the higher the maximal height of CG became.
4. The larger the increase in E_t in the rock back phase became, the higher the maximal height of CG became. However, when E_pole at maximal pole bending was the control variable, the partial correlation coefficient between the change in E_t in the rock back phase and the maximal height of CG was not very large (<0.7).
5. The correlation coefficients between the energy change in the vaulter and the pole in the inverted phase and the maximal height of CG were not very large (<0.7).
　This study clarified that the conversion of E_t into E_pole was especially strongly related to the maximal height of CG. Furthermore, the characteristic of the energy conversion in relation to the maximal height of CG in the drive phase and the swing phase differed. These results confirmed the practical rationality of the phase division employed.

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　The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry have forwarded a proposal to apply the concept of intraindustry flow of funds in order to develop the sports industry and strengthen the financial base of sports businesses from the top level to the grass-roots level. With regard to industrial policy, the flow of funds is a concept among multiple industries, and intra-industry flow of funds within the same industry is not assumed. However, in the sports industry, we can observe the intra-industry flow of funds in certain cases, especially in foreign countries. This paper examines the cases of intra-industry flow of funds in the sports industry, mainly in England and Germany, to understand their structural characteristics, to identify the necessary requirements for realization of intra-industry flow of funds in the Japanese sports industry, and to discuss the feasibility of such flows.
　In order to realize intra-industry flow of funds, it is necessary to have funding providers, recipients, a legal and taxation system for fund transfers, an entity to manage the flow of funds, and a rational reason why flow of funds is also essential for the fund providers.
　The most promising candidate fund provider is the spectators' sports business. On the other hand, for the recipients, the cases seen in England and Germany suggest that regional sports clubs with non-profit entities are the most likely candidates. In order to enable the flow of funds or, in other words, the transfer of profits from providers to recipients, it is essential to have a legal system and a preferential taxation system to support it. In addition, an element of a public interest needs to be embedded in the design of a system that supports such a flow of funds or it would likely be unacceptable by the providers.
　The intra-industry flow of funds is a concept that conflicts with a free market economy. On the other hand, it is widely recognized that sports are a public interest that needs to be indemnified. Naturally it is expected that this public interest would be embedded in certain types of sports businesses.
　While there are good prospects for designing a system to realize the intra-industry flow of funds in the sports industry in Japan, it is of utmost importance to establish a common understanding of public interest in sports businesses among stakeholders involved in the sports industry.

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　This study aimed to clarify the conceptual structure of the kakehiki movements in judo (offense and defense involving tactical intent leading up to a technique designed to create an advantageous situation) through the construction of a movement measurement scale. Until now, beginners have rarely been taught the kakehiki movements that are necessary to master the offensive and defensive movements typical of judo. This is because the kakehiki movements have been sidelined to tips and instincts of the best competitors, and no effort has been made to conceptualize them as formal knowledge that can be shared and understood by everyone. This study involved a 3-stage survey of judo competitors. The results revealed that kakehiki comprises 4 types of movement: kumite (movements for advantageous judo grips), hyoshi (movements related to rhythm and timing), ma-ai (movements related to psychological distance), and kehai offense and defense (movements to explore the other party's condition). This made it possible to structure the offensive and defensive movements of judo as a general-purpose learning program applicable to beginners as well, which has previously been relegated to tips and instincts of skilled players. By utilizing this scale, it was possible to grasp the abstract aspects of learning, such as judo offense and defense, as a comparable numerical value.

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　The purpose of this study was to examine the development of the Local Sport Promotion Plans (hereafter, the Plans) and the promotion of international efforts through sport by the local governments in Japan by summarizing the status of development and the characteristics of international efforts for the Plans. The Plans included in FY2022 publicly available on the websites of local governments were organized into categories. Sentences containing words related to international efforts were then extracted from these plans and subjected to quantitative text analysis using KH Coder 3. This revealed that approximately 30% of local governments had developed such Plans, and that the percentage of local governments with the Plans tended to drop as the population size decreased. This suggests it is important to encourage local governments with smaller populations to develop the Plans under leadership at the prefectural level and enhance the development of administrators and information provision for those playing a central role in policy making. Similarly, it was found that the number of sentences and texts related to international efforts in the Plans was reduced as the population size decreased. This may have been due to differences in human and economic resources among the local governments. In order for local governments with smaller populations to bring about positive changes in their communities through international sport initiatives, it will be important for prefectures and local governments with larger populations to develop and operate systems, mechanisms, and structures that enable local governments with smaller populations to get involved and work together. It was also recognized that many international sport initiatives in the Plans often mentioned the promotion of “efforts and support for strengthening athletes” and “regional revitalization through interaction with athletes and attracting pre-training camps associated with sporting events”. In the light of the current National Sport Basic Plan and the International Strategy for Sport, strategic bidding and hosting of international sporting events and the creation of various ripple effects within communities by leveraging these opportunities are important measures for Japan's national sport policy. One possible measure for addressing the 2 major interests in the Plans presented in this study would be to create and utilize the various opportunities associated with strategic bidding and hosting of international sporting events, and would help to promote positive effects and control negative effects.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the roles required of sports pharmacists (SPs) from various perspectives related to anti-doping (hereinafter referred to as “AD”) in Japan’s top sports. The subjects of the survey were “those engaged in AD activities as SPs” (2 SPs active in central sports organizations), “those familiar with SPs and AD activities and promoting them” (1 managing director of the Japan Anti-Doping Agency), and “those receiving support from SPs regarding AD” (1 person in charge of strengthening of a central athletic organization and 2 Olympic medalists), who are involved in Japan’s top sports. The subjects were asked to participate in semi-structured interviews, and the data obtained were analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach. The results revealed that: 1) As experts who can be consulted about concerns related to medication and supplement use, the subjects provide information and AD education; 2) As medication and AD experts who protect the health of athletes, the subjects collaborate with physicians and make efforts to further improve their own qualifications and abilities; 3) As familiar support staff recognized in the community and society, the subjects are proactive in providing information and AD education; and 4) As experts who can be consulted about concerns regarding medication and supplement use, the subjects provide information and AD education, thus making an active contribution to society at large as familiar support staff recognized in the community and society. In conclusion, this study has shown that SPs support the safe use of drugs by athletes in Japan through their expertise, thus contributing to not only the field of AD but also the protection of health. They are recognized by the community and society as drug specialists who contribute to sports, and have become a familiar presence for athletes.

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　Background and Purpose: Approximately 10 years have passed since martial arts became compulsory in junior high school health and physical education, but there has not yet been sufficient verification of the resulting changes in learning outcomes and class conditions (class environment). To further improve martial arts classes in the future, it is important to examine the changes attributable to the introduction of compulsory martial arts. For this purpose, we investigated learning outcomes and class conditions before and after the introduction of compulsory martial arts classes.
　Methods: The study subjects were junior high school pupils who took judo or kendo in health and physical education classes during the pre-compulsory and post-compulsory periods. An online survey was used to obtain data on personal attributes, learning outcomes, and class conditions. A total of 1,220 students (608 before and 612 after the change to compulsory physical education) were included in the analysis.
　Results and Discussion: We compared the learning outcomes and class conditions before and after the mandatory course was established. The results showed that those who took the course after it became mandatory had better learning outcomes. A higher percentage of students reported that the class atmosphere was more cheerful, that the teaching method was more creative in incorporating game elements, and that they had more time for physical exercise. We then examined the class conditions affecting learning outcomes, and found that classes with a cheerful atmosphere and classes incorporating game elements influenced learning outcomes.
　Conclusion: It was confirmed that making martial arts compulsory had changed learning outcomes and class conditions. Pupils who took the class after it had become compulsory showed higher learning outcomes. After the introduction of compulsory martial arts, the atmosphere of the classes had become brighter, and the teaching methods had become more creative in incorporating game elements and ensuring more time for physical exercise. The teaching phase had focused on acquisition of basic skills and did not include simple games. In addition, it was shown that creation of classes with a cheerful atmosphere and game elements may have led to higher learning outcomes, and that there were differences between boys and girls in their perception of learning outcomes and the main teaching conditions that affect them.

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　Middle- and long-distance running performance is determined mainly by physiological parameters such as maximal oxygen uptake, lactate threshold (LT) and running economy (RE). As RE is influenced by biomechanical factors, middle- and long-distance running performance is also influenced by the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) ability of the lower extremity. However, the relationship between the SSC ability of the lower extremity represented as the repeated rebound jump (RJ) index or the vertical counter movement jump (CMJ) height and middle- and long-distance running performance among high school middle- and long-distance runners with various performance levels is unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the SSC ability of the lower extremity and middle- and long-distance running performance and LT among high school male middle- and long-distance runners. A total of 41 high school male middle- and long-distance runners (age: 17.00 ± 0.82 years, height: 170.62 ± 5.63 cm, body mass: 54.39 ± 4.85 kg) participated. Their demographics, training profiles and seasonal best records over 1500 m and 5000 m (1500m SB and 5000m SB, respectively) were collected. Then they performed the RJ and CMJ test and an incremental running test with blood lactate measurements on an outdoor running track. The RJ index, CMJ height and running speeds corresponding to blood lactate concentrations of 2 mmol/L (vLT) and 4 mmol/L (vOBLA) were then calculated. The relationships between the variables were examined using Pearson's correlation coefficient at a significance level of p<0.05. The subjects' 1500m SB was within the range 3 '47-4'32, and their 5000m SB was within the range 14'09-16'04. The average values of the RJ index and CMJ height were 2.13 ± 0.36 and 31.14 ± 3.56, respectively. The RJ index was significantly correlated with 1500m SB (r=-0.55), vLT (r=0.33) and vOBLA (r=0.40), but was not significantly correlated with 5000m SB. 1500m SB and 5000m SB were significantly correlated with vLT and vOBLA, respectively (r=-0.71-0.87). CMJ height was not significantly correlated with 1500m SB, 5000m SB, vLT or vOBLA. The data indicated that fast SSC ability of the lower extremity is related to performance over a short competition time and distance, such as 1500 m, among high school middle- and long-distance runners, and also related to some physiological parameters at submaximal running speeds. Future research should consider how to effectively perform plyometric training for middle- and long-distance runners.

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　This study identifies a period around the change of government in 2009 (Heisei 21) as a major milestone in Japanese political and sports history. Japanese sports policy during this period did not necessarily support the promotion of community sports clubs (CSC). On the contrary, the abolition of such sports club projects was an issue at the time. NPOs offering intermediary support for community sports clubs encouraged the practice of “resistance” against this trend in an attempt to seek “hegemony.” They also advocated “political engagement” with the goal of participation in policy making.
　This study examines this “resistance” and “hegemony” of supporting NPOs and the practice of “political engagement” based on the “new social movement” and “radical democracy” theories as analytical frameworks. The policy issues analyzed were: (1) the Review of the “Basic Plan for the Promotion of Sports”; (2) Evaluation of the Abolition of Project Sorting, and; (3) The Concept of Top Athlete Training Centers under the “The Strategy for a Sports Nation”. “Resistance” as referred to in this paper is that defined by Alain Touraine, and “political” is the term defined by Carl Schmitt.
　The policy issues of community sports clubs in (1) to (3) above stimulated the creation of new projects for the various practices of the supporting NPOs. However, all of those projects emphasized rather hostile hegemony toward the policy authorities, with no direct “resistance” demanding the improvement of the announced content. The supporting NPOs recognized that such “resistance” had the general characteristic of “loss of the core” without connection to the policy authorities. This allowed the supporting NPOs to develop, while intending to play the role of an “external core”, and various practices as “political engagement”, aimed at participation in policy making. In this context, the hegemony manifested here can be understood based on the complementarity of self-reflectively controlling a pair of our tendencies: seeing anything external as foes; and anything internal as friends. Such understanding is also considered to be an important constitutive requirement for political engagement.
　Therefore, the supporting NPOs can be said to have been playing the role of a “bridge” connecting the starting point, i.e., the evaluation of “abolition”, which was resistance against the external, with the later promotion of a self-reflective approach within the community sports clubs. Furthermore, it was clarified that hegemony is inherent in sports as a cultural constituent that cannot be subsumed into politics.

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　The purpose of this study was to consider the interpretation of taiken (lived experience) and its educational context. For this purpose, the present interpretation of taiken was examined as a first step. Secondly, the transition of taiken was considered based on the connection of taiken/expression/understanding. Thirdly, the issue of body perception and taiken was discussed. Finally, the interpretation and educational meaning of taiken in physical education was considered.
　The results of the primary examination were as follows:
　1) The interpretation of taiken as a status quo was very diverse. In Germany, taiken was interpreted as exteriorization of “expression” and objective “understanding”. In Japan, taiken was interpreted negatively as a closed experience, or positively as the identification of self with the world.
　2) The phenomenon of taiken was considered to begin before the one's consciousness and transition to the next stage. At the stage of “expression”, taiken was formed and objectified. And at the stage of “understanding”, taiken was understood and formation of objective knowledge was expected.
　3) With regard to taiken and the perception of “body motion”, it was considered that taiken began with conformity with the “body schema” and appeared as unconscious “body motion”, whereas at the stage of “expression”, taiken was understood objectively．
　Based on the results of the primary examination, the interpretation and educational meaning of taiken can be considered as follows.
　1）Education interprets taiken as the perception precedent to one's consciousness that seeks to perceive “the world we live in”, that is not under the rule of any useful purpose-means relationship.
　2）Education interprets taiken as the appearance of the “body motion” both objectively and consciously.
　3）Education interprets taiken as the appearance of objective understanding, seeking to develop from subjective perception to objective understanding.
　4）Interpretations of taiken in physical education are different, and therefore education emphasizing taiken must reconsider both the situation and the educative meaning.

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　This study examined the implementation of a cooperative learning model for upper grade elementary students. The participants were 30 fifth-grade students and an elementary school teacher with 20 years of teaching experience. The target class was “Jump Bands,” a simplified version of the “Bamboo Dance” from the folk-dance unit of expressive activity. The unit was 10 periods in total. Questionnaires, interviews, and field notes were collected as data. During the implementation process, the teacher was aware of the advantages of the cooperative learning model from the first to the fifth period, although there was some anxiety at the time of introduction. Subsequently, from the sixth to the seventh period, the teacher was aware of difficulties such as a sense of stagnation and lack of perspective. However, from the eighth to the tenth period, the children’s learning situation was found to improve dramatically after adjustment of the plan. The implementation of the cooperative learning model was found to be smooth in some cases, depending on the compatibility of the students' actual conditions with the conditions of the task, while in other cases, stagnation tended to occur due to incompatibility between the difficulty level of the task or insufficient structuring of the task. Conversely, any stagnation that occurred in the implementation process was resolved by restructuring the task and re-explaining it to the students during the course of the unit, leading to a leap forward in the students' grasp of the task. It is suggested that coping with a sense of stagnation or difficulty is an important part of the implementation process of an effective cooperative learning model.

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　The purpose of this study was to clarify the source of the resilience that supported the revival of a senior soccer club (Club E) after personal loss due to the Great East Japan Earthquake, focusing on those affected and their determination to revive the club. We studied the contents of recorded interviews with club members to analyze the essential character of club activities. We also analyzed the “life history” of those involved. The major study findings were as follows:
　The main source of resilience was the captain (A) who had suffered great personal loss due to the earthquake. His motivation owed much to his experiences at Junior Soccer Club C and Club E, thanks to the coach (M), who had been fully committed to Club E for a long time. He had coached A affectionately and been a good influence on him. A had worked hard as a captain to maintain the comfortable atmosphere of the club, being inspired by his feelings of gratitude towards M. The resilience, which promoted the revival of the club, was created from A's strong sense of responsibility. His feelings of gratitude towards M and the resilience of the club were driven by the idea of passing the tradition of the club to the next generation, to which M gave priority long after facing the crisis. A's feelings of gratitude stemmed from the fact that M had taken care of him like a father since A's graduation from Junior Soccer Club C, and these feelings had persisted before A entered Club E. Thus, A had developed a family-like relationship with M before entering Club E, and thereafter this relationship had strengthened to a level that was unusual for a coach and a team member. A had felt firmly responsible for keeping the club lively and prosperous after his appointment as captain. As a result, he passed on his resilience to the team after his personal loss in the earthquake.

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　From a constructionist perspective, this study analysed the extent to which sports coverage arouses public identity of belonging to a specific nation, focusing specifically on newspaper coverage of the 2023 World Baseball Classic in Japan, and clarified the type of ‘discourses of nationalism’ were evoked in the coverage. Three types of nationalistic discourse were identified: those centered around ‘us’ (1), discussions concerning the ‘other’ (2), and dialogues involving the ‘internal other’ (3).
　First, regarding (1) the ‘us’ discourse, we focused on comments about the style of play of Japanese players and the Japanese national team, which was dominated by the term ‘small baseball’ prior to the WBC 2023. ‘Small baseball’ is an offensive style of play based on the assumption that Japanese players are physically weak and that they score runs by hitting singles and aggressive base running rather than hitting home runs. As the tournament progressed, however, commentary on ‘small baseball’ diminished and the ‘power’ of the Japanese players was emphasised instead. At the same time, ‘togetherness’ was emphasised, and many episodes reinforcing this were reported.
　Next, with regard to (2) the ‘other’ discourse, we looked for comments that stereotyped the opposing nation. However, we did not find symbolic boundary-drawing expressions of self and other, or overtly hateful expressions towards the ‘other’, as is the case in British newspapers. However, this does not mean that there was no bias against the ‘other’ in the Japanese press. Japanese coverage of the WBC 2023 easily stereotyped certain nations by bringing in characteristics of other sports, and naively stereotyped nations such as Italy and Mexico based on the very broad regional characteristics of Latin culture. Such stereotypical commentary was more common in the sports press than in the general press.
　Finally, with regard to (3) the ‘inner other’ discourse, we focused on the representation of Lars Nootbaar, who was selected for the Japanese national team for the WBC 2023. Before and during the tournament, his dedication, courage and ‘uniquely Japanese’ style of play, as well as his attempts to assimilate into Japanese culture in various aspects, were positively reported. Such commentary was intended to underline his moral qualifications for the national team, and the term ‘samurai’ was used to bestow upon him a symbol of approval.

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　The purpose of this study was to use interaction analysis to determine how tailored instruction for individuals is provided in movement instruction situations for children with developmental disabilities.
　Videotaping, participant observation, and interviews with instructors were conducted regarding activities from an after-school day service project providing individualized movement instruction. Based on these materials, transcripts of speech content and gestures were prepared and analyzed together with video data. Particular attention was paid to instructional corrections in which the instructor corrects the child's movement.
　The results were able to confirm the same chain structure as that demonstrated in previous studies: (1) initiation of correction, (2) presentation of errors, and (3) proposal of solutions. This chain structure was used as the basic chain. However, the basic chain was extended by providing a related positive evaluation immediately before the presentation of the error. We also observed an abbreviated chain structure in which the error was not explicitly presented, but a solution was proposed as the next task. We considered that these were considerations required in order to communicate errors to the child, and that they represented a designed chain structure that extended or omitted components in relation to error presentation.
　In addition, upon initiation of the correction, a question requiring recognition of the error was asked, and presentation of the error was combined with the answer to the question. This procedure was designed to avoid any perceived unilateral indication of the error. Furthermore, the use of children's behavior as a resource and for communication were recognized as being essential for this purpose.
　We conclude that the above approach is viable for tailored individual instruction as it conducted in actual instructional situations.

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　This study was conducted to clarify the group tactical structures of “pick and roll” in basketball by having players who excel at the tactic share their knowledge verbally. It was anticipated that such sharing would help provide information useful for improvement of individual tactical skills in situations where multiple players face off on the court. To better understand this tactic, 8 female basketball players who compete at international level were interviewed regarding pick play, and their narratives were analyzed qualitatively. Our findings were as follows.
　In pick and roll, there is a “pause” between the offense and defense players before the screen is set, and a struggle for the angle at which the screen is set between the uninvolved players. Moreover, a conflict over whether or not to “bring it to 2-on-2” was interpreted as occurring during the screen set, while the struggle over whether to “reasonably advance the numerical advantage” was interpreted as occurring after the screen set.
　Top players make sense of 1-on-1 situations visually, but when they have to face 2 opponents, they use visual, auditory, and tactile sense to grasp the situation.
　Top players were also shown to have both the practical ability to directly implement their procedural knowledge, and the ability to fine-tune their play in terms of space and timing to better apply their skills to the game.

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　The aim of the present study was to clarify some aspects of a coach's ability to understand the situation in a team ball game. As an illustrative example, a handball match directed by one of the authors (a men's university handball team coach) trying to create an advanced organized defense tactics in the team was studied, focusing on how the coach understood the match situation at any given time. To analyze the coach's ability, phenomenological transcendentalist reflective analysis was conducted using a questionnaire.
　The team's organized defense tactics were characterized by the flexible use of a zone defense against the opposing team's attackers and an attacking defense that put the attackers under pressure by attempting to gain possession of the ball.
　The study revealed the following points: The coach i) assessed the situation in terms of how the defenders were performing their individual tactical skills against the opposing team's attackers, and ii) tested the tactic he had developed during the match to assess its effectiveness, and to refine it if possible. This approach appeared to govern the way the situation was assessed, and iii) the time was divided into phases in which the functionality of the tactic was maintained at a certain level and phases in which it was maximized, with the use of player substitutions to control that functionality, taking into account the “momentum” of the game. Finally, this allowed the coach to iv) decide to call a team time-out if the applied tactics were not working well, or if appropriate measures could be adopted for dealing with the situation, while still allowing the players to operate independently. The authors believe that these findings will serve as a valuable resource for ball game coaches who need to direct matches.

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This study referenced Kaneko's notation theory of techniques and clarified the necessary bases for grasping the structure of jumping techniques in aerobic gymnastics. Kaneko's notation theory contains basic words that capture the structural outline of the techniques as well as prescriptive words that capture the structural details of the techniques. The theory involves analysis from a dual perspective, i.e. the goals that must be achieved and the technical skills that are needed to reach those goals. We decided to rely on Kaneko's notation theory because structural studies play an important role in grasping the essence of techniques.
It was found that in terms of basic exercise words, “standing” and “sitting/lying” were required to grasp the challenging structures of the starting and landing postures. The words “jump”, “twist”, and “turning” were shown to be indispensable for grasping the challenges of the jumping techniques. In terms of prescriptive words, it became clear that the base requires “posture” and “face”, words that clarify the body alignment and the position in the air with respect to the apparatus.
Furthermore, the study revealed that it is necessary to establish a base word, “axis deviation”, for techniques that require twisting on an oblique axis, a unique technique in aerobic gymnastics that is not an aspect traditional gymnastics.
By clarifying the challenges of the various techniques in this way, we believe that the study has established a premise for systematizing the jumping techniques of aerobic gymnastics.

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　The present study was designed to evaluate the relationship between training and condition indices (running distance, session RPE [sRPE], visual analog scale [VAS] of exercise load, general condition, and hours of sleep) over a 16-week period and running performances (mean: 14:55.50±34.37) achieved during the same period in 19 collegiate trained male distance runners. There results indicated that (1) running distance during 16 weeks was related to running performance, (2) higher exercise loads expressed as VAS were related to an increase of 5000-m running performance from the previous season, (3) the duration of moderate-intensity exercise was related to the increase of performance, (4) hours of sleep per day were related to performance, and (5) sRPE was related to general condition expressed as VAS. These results suggest that training/conditioning indices such as daily running distance sRPE and VAS data are useful for evaluation of training and improvement of running performance in long-distance runners. Moreover, it is suggested that an appropriate amount of sleep has a positive influence on running records.

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　The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of differences in the amount of activity between small-sided games of soccer played with and without walls. Twenty-four fifth graders at a public elementary school in Japan were asked to play a soccer game with a wall and one without a wall, respectively. The court size for both games was 20 x 10 m, the number of players was 3 vs. 3, and the game duration was 3 min. An accelerometer (OMRON, HJA-750C) was attached to the waist of each player to measure the duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity.
　The main findings were as follows.
　(1) The proportions of moderate to vigorous physical activity in the games with and without walls were 94.9% and 90.7%, respectively, both of which exceeded 90%.
　(2) Regardless of physical fitness level, games with walls led to longer periods of vigorous intensity activity and moderate intensity activity than games without walls.
　These results suggest that, regardless of children's physical fitness level, soccer games with walls encourage more vigorous intensity activity than games without walls.

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　Accurate measurement of the 3D coordinates of feature points used to estimate camera parameters is critical for highly reliable motion analysis. This study reconstructed the 3D coordinates of feature points in a second corner track derived from photographs captured from multiple locations and verified the accuracy of the reconstructed coordinates. A total of 126 feature points containing information on 3D coordinates (control points) as well as 14 feature points without such information (unknown points) were filmed from 25 locations in the stands of a track and field stadium (169 images). The digitizer coordinates of the feature points in the filmed images were collected. Based on a perspective projection model, camera parameters were estimated using the digitizer coordinates of the feature points and their characteristics in real space. Hybrid particle swarm optimization and a genetic algorithm were used to estimate camera parameters. Three-dimensional coordinates of the known (126) and unknown (14) points were then reconstructed using the estimated camera parameters. The root mean square errors of these points were 6.5 mm and 4.3 mm, respectively. The results revealed that the method used in this study was able to accurately reconstruct the 3D coordinates of feature points used to estimate camera parameters.

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　This study aimed to examine the cognitive strategies utilized by college athletes in relation to trait anxiety in sports and self-regulation of learning. Data were collected from 346 student athletes belonging to University A (183 males and 163 females, average age 19.82 ± 1.01 years). The scales used included the Cognitive Strategy Scale, the Trait Anxiety Inventory for Sport, and the Self-Regulation of Learning in Sports Scale. The results obtained using the Cognitive Strategy Scale divided the athletes into 4 groups who utilized different cognitive strategies: the UO group, the DP group, the RP group, and the SO group. It was found that the DP and RP groups, which exhibited a tendency for pessimism, scored higher than the UO and SO groups in terms of trait anxiety. This suggested that DP and RP groups were more anxious before and during a match than the UO and SO groups. Finally, when the characteristics of the cognitive strategies were examined from the perspective of selfregulation of learning, it was found that the DP and SO groups scored higher than the UO and RP groups. These results suggest that DP and SO in athletes may have a higher quality of practice, while differing in their level of trait anxiety.

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　This study aimed to identify effective instructional methods for improvement of motor competence in children who do not excel at physical activity. For this purpose, a meta- analysis was conducted to integrate intervention studies designed to measure motor competence, and the effect size was calculated.
　The results suggested that children who do not excel at physical activity (i.e. under-achievers) were able to improve their motor competence to a particularly high degree. Among various sub-factors, the effect size of “acceptance” was the highest. We further examined instructional methods that might improve “acceptance”, and this revealed that “step-by-step instruction” and “interactions among learners” were considerably effective. These results suggest that an effective instruction method for children should include “step-by-step instruction”, which can motivate children to exercise on their own by offering tasks and an environment suitable for them in a stepby-step manner. “Interaction among learners” can be facilitated by providing opportunities to share information among students and to engage in group activities. Interactions can allow the group of under-achievers, who rarely receive attention in regular physical education (P.E.) classes, to feel recognized by learners.
　In conclusion, it is considered important in P.E. to work with a group that includes under-achievers and to foster a receptive atmosphere, instead of focusing on problems that emphasize the weakness of children. Practitioners should consider applying an ecological model of adaptive P.E. that emphasizes the relationship between the individual, the environment, and the task at hand.

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　The intensity of play is a recent change that symbolizes the modern evolution of soccer. This study investigated whether the intensity of intermittent exercise and cognitive function have an inverted-U relationship. Male members of a Japanese university soccer club participated in the study (N = 13; mean age ± SD = 20.2 yr ±0.94). They performed a pass choice reaction task, a standardized test assessing the speed and accuracy of information processing in soccer, and the Stroop test for assessing attention after exercising at different intensities (Control Test: CT; Moderate Intensity: MI; High Intensity: HI). The results indicated that the reaction times in the MI and HI pass choice reaction task were significantly shorter and that the frequency of correct responses in the Stroop test was significantly higher than in the CT. However, neither test demonstrated significant differences between MI and HI. These results suggest that intermittent exercise might improve information processing and attention function. Nevertheless, the results did not indicate that exercise intensity and cognitive function have an inverted-U relationship.

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　The purpose of this study was to investigate the “gymnastics” for children with physical disabilities, developed and practiced by Kashiwakura Matsuzo in the prewar period. We first referred to Kashiwakura's career from 1901 to 1918 and analyzed his reflections and the doubts he had as a physical education teacher, based on his memoirs, while taking into account the institutional background of the time. A look into his background revealed that he was not the typical military, sportsman, or martial arts type of physical education teacher that dominated the prewar period, and has been considered a major influence on physical education in historical studies. Furthermore, we confirmed that these factors led to his decision to study the possibility of medical gymnastics for children with physical disabilities as one measure to improve school gymnastics.
　We then reviewed Kashiwakura's efforts to apply the results of his research on medical gymnastics to school gymnastics, focusing on the period around 1923, when he began to concentrate on running Kashiwa Gakuen. As a result, we were able to clarify that even after the establishment of Kashiwa Gakuen in 1921, the school gymnastics department pursued the use of medical gymnastics. However, since his efforts did not have as wide an impact as he had first assumed, we found that he was forced to devote himself exclusively to the management of Kashiwa Gakuen. Despite this, when Kashiwakura as a physical education teacher is evaluated historically, his legacy as a practicing-researcher is evident.
　Finally, we attempted to create an illustration of the “circular back correction exercise/scoliosis correction exercise” that Kashiwakura developed. We have illustrated his concept in the light of his commentary to give a more visual grasp of his gymnastics. As a result, it became clear that, from today's perspective, the medical gymnastics he arrived at was a series of exercises (gymnastics) for warm-up, stretching with back strength training, and massage as a cool-down. Note that “gymnastics” as defined by Kashiwakura was interpreted as being synonymous with “exercise” and “treatment”, and was interpreted as “medicine” prescribed according to an individual's symptoms. He was involved in practical medical gymnastics research as a physical education teacher. From this perspective, it was suggested that “clinical physical education research” would be an appropriate term for comprehensively describing his achievements.

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Drawing on 3 perspectives presented in previous studies – “the field,” “policy,” and “research” – this study aimed to highlight trends in Japan's “Sport for Development and Peace” (SDP) program. Moreover, by examining the relationships among the 3 perspectives, suggestions for the future development of SDP in Japan were sought. Overall, this study attempted to summarize trends in policy, research, and the field, as they relate to Japan's SDP program, and the following 4 conclusions were reached:
1) Japan-based NGOs are expanding, thanks to opportunities provided by Sport for Tomorrow (SFT).
2) Many policies are interrelated, although the institutions that manage them differ.
3) One trend in Japanese SDP research is the growing number of studies examining disability and gender in regions such as Laos, Malaysia, and Thailand.
4) Regarding the relationship between “policy” and “the field,” one Japan-based NGO has been developing SDP activities under multiple policies. As for the relationship between “policy” and “research,” many studies have focused on JICA Overseas Cooperation Volunteers and SFT. Lastly, the relationship between “research” and “the field” has been limited by a paucity of studies on NGOs.
Additionally, this study provided 4 directions for the future development of Japan's SDP program.
1) The SDP activities of Japan-based NGOs need to be scrutinized, and support must be provided to NGOs that are not yet engaged in SDP activities.
2) Greater public awareness of Japan’s domestic SDP policies is required.
3) A growing number of studies are expected to examine the relationship between SDGs and sports.
4) Assuming the continuation of Japanese SDP policies, expectations with regard to NGOs will grow. Connections between universities and Japanese SDP policy require the establishment of a clear relationship between the two. Furthermore, research collaborations between NGOs and universities can be expected in the future.

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　The aim of this study was two-fold: (a) to investigate how the use of menstrual cloth pads changed the cognition and symptoms of menstruation in female athletes, and (b) to examine their effectiveness. After institutional ethical approval had been obtained, interventional research was conducted on 7 elite female athletes (age: 20.1±0.38 years) specializing in different sports, over 4 menstrual cycles. The athletes used commercially available sanitary pads in period I and disposable cloth menstrual pads in periods II to IV. The participants were asked to complete the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) during their menstrual period. Furthermore, on the last day of each cycle, the respondents were asked to address any issues of discomfort when using the pads. Cognitive appraisal of menstruation and menstrual symptoms (MMS) were surveyed twice: before the intervention and after period IV had ended. Cognitive appraisal did not change significantly based on mood; it depended on the athlete's anxiety trait. The results revealed that the use of menstrual cloth pads improved control of menstrual-related symptoms in daily life and practice and reduced loss of concentration. Thus, the use of menstrual cloth pads may be an effective way of conditioning the mind and body to actively engage in training and competition during the menstrual period. Previous research has suggested that menstruation is a factor that hampers the performance of female athletes. However, menstrual cloth pads may reduce the main sources of discomfort, such as pain during menstruation, reduce any negative psychological effects, and allow athletes to concentrate on training, which may result in improved performance quality. However, introspection reports suggested that some female athletes felt anxious about using menstrual cloth pads. Therefore, it is important for female athletes to explore the use of menstrual cloth pads, including their gradual introduction into daily training routines and becoming accustomed to them.

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　In general, Caillois's book is referred to in the field of sport science because the answer to the definition of sport is sought in “play”. Despite these previous studies, in the same essay, Caillois actually holds the view that “sport” can be and is not “play” at the same time. Taken literally, there is an obvious contradiction. However, if this is a conscious view guided by some theoretical imperative, this raises fundamental questions about the reading of the Caillois theory of play. Why did Caillois have to mention sport in his writings? Since examples of “sport” are found throughout the work, these questions can only be answered by turning our attention to the intrinsic logic of the works. In this paper, therefore, we reexamine the discussion of “sport” in his work.
　The first step is to confirm the view in his work that “sports are not play”. Next, we turn our attention to the way “sport” is described. This study aims to grasp the overall theme of the work and uses this as a methodological perspective to overview the significance of sports.
　The main outcome of this study is that it confirmed Caillois's argument that the concepts of sport and play do not have a conceptually inclusive relationship. The work is basically an analysis of society using as methodological concepts the 4 “instincts/principles” of agôn, alea, mimicry, and illinx. These 4 requirements are, in terminology, double-meanings of those of the play categories. The “instincts/principles” were re-positioned as intrinsic requirements that drive not only play, but also various other activities.
　At this time, sport was again classified as “agôn” and considered to belong to “cultural forms on the margins of society”. In the “society of calculation”, sport is regarded as an ideal form of activity that embodied “agôn” as an “instinct/principle”, and is expected to be a norm in society as a whole.
　Thus, it is clear that sport has multilayered significance in the entirety of the work. The present study has focused on the reality of the references to sport in Caillois's theory of play and, as described above, we have been able to sketch an outline of its logic.

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　Using the balancing task in a sitting position on a Swiss ball in the educational domain of physical fitness for the middle grades of elementary school, the present study attempted to clarify the characteristics of the action of postural maintenance.
　The number of instances of taking a seat, duration of postural maintenance, and postural maintenance were measured in 45 third-grade school children. These measurements were used to calculate the horizontal distances pertaining to postural maintenance (Center-Toes-Distance: CTD; Center-Ischium-Distance: CID; Center-Ear-Distance: CED), from the center of the Swiss ball to 3 points of the body (toes, ischium, and external auditory meatus). Based on these measurements, the overall characteristics of the action of postural maintenance were noted, and the characteristics of the children with low task achievement (low group: 10 children) and those with high task achievement (high group: 14 children) were compared.
　With regard to postural maintenance, a significant negative correlation was established between CTD and CED. This indicated that, in the balancing task, the children's postural maintenance was characterized by linking the flexion and extension movements of the lower limbs and the forward and backward tilting movements of the upper body with the occupied surface of the Swiss ball as the base point. Furthermore, the mean values of CTD, CID, and CED in the low group were 57.3±15.4 cm, 1.7±5.1 cm, and -11.3±6.2 cm, respectively, indicating that the group's sitting posture was characterized by leaning forward from the center of the Swiss ball. By contrast, the corresponding values for the high group were 42.9±20.8 cm, -3.4±2.3 cm, and -3.9±3.6 cm, respectively. Furthermore, a comparison of the mean values between the groups showed a significant difference in CID, suggesting the necessity of sitting posterior to the center of the Swiss ball in order to maintain a stable posture.
　The aforementioned findings revealed the characteristics of the low and high groups as well as the overall characteristics of postural maintenance in the balancing task in a sitting position. Moreover, the findings provided a perspective for examining the learning content and stages based on the actual conditions of children, in terms of exercise guidance with the use of a Swiss ball. These findings indicate that exercises involving riding on equipment such as the Swiss ball can be used to teach children about movements by which they can adapt to an unstable environment.

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　Strategies for motivating the regulation of behavior are crucial for promoting active learning. This study explored the structure of motivational regulation strategies for university physical education classes as liberal education through the development of a scale and investigated the relationship between the use of motivational regulation strategies and perceived utility and self-efficacy. A questionnaire survey of university students (n=591) taking physical education classes was conducted. The survey questions asked about motivation for exercise, perceived usefulness, self-efficacy, and items for developing a scale for motivational regulation. Exploratory factor analysis of the motivational regulation strategy scale showed a factor structure comprising 4 factors: “intrinsic regulation strategy”, “cooperation strategy”, “self-consequating strategy”, and “shame avoidance strategy”. Internal consistency for subscales and test-retest correlations were examined to check reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis and correlations with self-determination motivation for the exercise scale were used to assess validity. The results of both analyses were satisfactory. Next, the relationship between the use of motivational regulation strategies and perceived utility and self-efficacy was examined using multiple regression analysis. The results showed that: (1) Perceived utility had a positive association with the use of all strategies. (2) Self-efficacy had a positive association with the use of “intrinsic regulation strategy,” “cooperation strategy” and　“selfconsequating strategy.” (3) Self-efficacy had a negative association with the use of “shame avoidance strategy.” These findings suggest that self-efficacy and perceived usefulness both support the employment of motivational management tools in university physical education classes for liberal arts.

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　The purpose of this study was to clarify the NCDA (Nippon Sport Science University Coach Developer Academy) program, in which coach developers from all over the world participate. In order to achieve this objective, we analyzed descriptions from the “Project commissioned by Japan Sports Agency Support for the Formation of International Sport Academies 2014-2020 project report” published by NCDA and “Learning to be a coach developer”, written by NCDA participants and management staff as a reflection of the program. After screening the descriptions of the NCDA program and the reflections on the program by participants and management staff, we analyzed them using a text mining technique. The study findings were as follows:
　1) In terms of learning by participants, reflecting on past experiences of coach development during the NCDA program was interpreted as an opportunity to change their mold. With regard to the learning environment, the NCDA program provided participants with an opportunity for self-reflection through their stay in Japan, which was a foreign country for them. This suggests that attending a workshop in an environment that is as separate from an everyday context allows more effective self-reflection and group work. 2) Although there were more male than female participants, and most of them were active in Europe, there were no significant differences in the affiliation of the participants. Compared to the values of the population involved in sports coaching, this suggests that those engaged in the NCDA program are not a highly homogeneous group but differ in sports specialties, organizational affiliations, gender, and region of activity. Furthermore, the diversity of those involved in the program was interpreted as a positive topic in the surveyed literature. Therefore, to obtain new learning in a highly diverse group, participants must hold an assumption that cooperation among individuals with different views enhances collective intelligence. 3) In terms of the specific learning content of the NCDA program, which involves observation and review of coaches, suggests that the program was designed to cultivate the qualities and abilities required of coach developers not in a seminar or lecture but in a coaching field. Since the actual situation of coach developers in Japan who develop coaches in the coaching field has not been clarified, it can be inferred that investigation of this issue and examination of its impact will provide helpful knowledge for coach development activities in Japan.

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　This study was conducted to clarify the competency structure of kokoyakyu (Japanese high-school baseball) managers required by players. First, we interviewed 30 kokoyakyu OB players, and identified 127 competency items. To categorize these items, 1 professor and 3 graduate students in sports pedagogy discussed them until a consensus was reached. This yielded 62 competency items that were divided into 13 categories. Second, to appraise the reliability and validity of the resulting structure, we collected questionnaires from 800 kokoyakyu players. Corrected item-total correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis revealed 4 factors comprising 22 competency items: (1) Reasonable coaching (8 items), (2) Mental and physical care consciousness (5 items), (3) Personalized coaching (5 items), and (4) Transcendental consciousness (4 items). The model data fit indices were c²/df = 2.264, GFI = .903, CFI = .940, RMSEA = .056. Construct validation was assessed by convergent validity (Cronbach's alpha, extracted mean variance, and construct reliability), discriminative validity, and player profile. According to the player's profile, “Reasonable coaching”, “Personalized coaching” and “Transcendental consciousness” were significantly higher in high-ranking schools than in low-ranking schools, and “Mental and physical care consciousness” was significantly higher in nonregular players than in regular players. Therefore, we judged that this structure is an appropriate indicator of the competency of kokoyakyu managers required by players.

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　Using interorganizational relations as a framework, this study investigated the preconditions, details and outcomes of collaborative alliance between schools and local sports organizations in school athletic club. For our analytical approach, we used Bailey and Koney's (2000) “Four Phases of Strategic Alliance Development”, which describes various stages of interorganizational relations in nonprofit human service organizations. The data consisted of 152 examples of collaborative alliance between schools and local sports organizations published in materials from the Japan Sports Agency, periodicals such as the Japan Sports Association, and newspapers. As a result of collaborative alliance and the processes involved, we confirmed several items for evaluation of 4 phases: 1) Actors and opportunities to connect with local communities, 2) Partners, 3) Division of roles, and 4) Services. This revealed several characteristics as follows.
　(1) Although there are various problems affecting the preconditions for collaborative alliance, the survival of athletic clubs in the absence of instructors with sufficient expertise and a decrease in the number of club members were conspicuous features.
　(2) There were differences in the services offered by central actors in schools, comprehensive community sports clubs, and boards of education, either alone or in combination with other organizations.
　(3) Patterns of collaborative alliance between schools and local sports organizations were quite wide, and the progress and outcomes of collaborative alliance were greatly dependent on the leadership of the central actor and the individual in charge of dealing with the situation, as well as daily communication between the organizations.
　(4) Mainly 8 types of services were evident, but in several cases services and sports events were changed or added after the collaborative alliance had been established.
　(5) A total of 4 phases (Bailey and Koney, 2000) in the process of collaborative alliance between schools and local sports organizations were identified: Assembling the member organizations, Ordering the alliance, Performing the tasks, and Transforming the alliance.

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　A study was conducted to examine the appropriateness of text mining of martial arts poems to extract their semantic content relating to the philosophy of martial arts in the context of iaijutsu. The target materials were 180 poems from 7 iaijutsu schools. Using KH Coder analysis software, frequently occurring words were extracted, and hierarchical cluster analysis was performed. The results obtained were as follows.
　(1) The most frequently occurring nouns were “heart” (48 times), “iai” (25 times), and “enemy” (24 times), whereas frequently occurring verbs were “pull out” (32 times), “cut” (31 times), and “know” (29 times).
　(2) Hierarchical cluster analysis generated 13 clusters. The philosophy of iaijutsu, as interpreted by 13 typical poems, is: “The purpose of iaijutsu is only to cut, to cut down at once, and make the opponent become a buddha. The key is to overcome oneself.” The art of iaijutsu was interpreted as “Always confront the opponent with an ordinary mind (no thought) and with the mind's eye. Instead of drawing the sword, one should promptly push the sword out to the opponent's shoulder and cut him down in a single stroke. It is also important to pass the sword off at times.”
　(3) The typical poems in each cluster were classified according to the 11 themes indicated by K. Kobayashi (2004): “(iai) philosophy,” “physical technique”, “mental technique”, “budo spirit,” and “training spirit”. Comparing these results with those of K. Kobayashi (2004), I found that nearly 90% of the themes in the martial arts poems agreed.
　Based on the above results, I concluded that application of text mining is a reasonable and efficient approach for grasping the semantic content of martial arts poems. However, since this study was conducted on 180 poems relating a specific martial art, it will be necessary to study more such poems and other martial arts to confirm the validity of this method and further improve its accuracy and efficiency.

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　This study examined the characteristics of host town municipalities that were able to host pre-games training camps during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspectives of host town population, their collaboration with the private sector, prefectural support, and relationships with the participating countries. The aim was to clarify how non-host cities can effectively utilize opportunities for a sports mega-event such as pre-games training camps.
　Based on the results of a questionnaire survey of all host town municipalities, data on pre-games training camps provided by the Cabinet Secretariat, and an interview survey of municipalities with distinctive initiatives, the implementation of pre-games training camps in host town municipalities was determined.
　The results revealed that because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the location of the participating countries significantly impacted the status of the training camps in the host towns. The implementation rate of such training camps in each participating country was low in Asia and high in Europe and the Americas.
　It appeared easier for host town municipalities with larger populations and access to public and private resources to host pre-games training camps. Prefectural support for host town municipalities with smaller populations made it easier for these municipalities to host the camps. This finding, supported by quantitative analysis, confirms the importance of stakeholder management in non-host city projects such as pre-games training camps that previous case studies have exemplified. It is crucial for prefectures to support non-host city projects through operations that can exploit their expertise and economies of scale.

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　High school “sports club activities” in Japan aim to achieve success in competitions, maximize individual potential, and attain excellence in sports, regardless of competitive level. Focusing particularly on high school sports clubs that were competing at the highest level in Japan, the present study attempted to clarify the ideal image of an instructor desired by member students, based on specific cases.
　The subjects were students belonging to the baseball club and the “ekiden” (long-distance relay race) club at private high school “A” located in the Kanto region. Based on the selection conditions, 8 subjects were chosen from each club. A survey was then conducted based on an interview guide, adopting a focus group interview format, and eliciting interactions between students. The survey date was November 28, 2021, for the baseball club and January 26, 2022, for the ekiden club. The qualitative data obtained were analyzed using the KJ method.
　For the baseball club, 39 codes were extracted from 85 words, and 28 lower-order categories, 8 medium-order categories, and 3 higher-order categories were generated. For the ekiden club, 27 codes were extracted from 74 words, and 19 lower-order categories, 5 medium-order categories, and 2 higher-order categories were generated.
　It was found that the qualities desired of an instructor were a combination of kindness like that of a family member, strictness while maintaining a stance of equality toward athletes, and psychological stability. It was also considered desirable for an instructor to respond to diverse forms of individuality at a high level in order to deepen mutual understanding between himself/herself and the athletes, and to possess instructional and organizational management skills that evolved with the times. In terms of this idealized image, there are clearly limits on what a single instructor can achieve, and therefore there will likely be a need to examine the effectiveness of systems relying on multiple experts for sports club activity instruction.

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　The purpose of this study was to identify how Japanese male basketball players experience 3x3 basketball competition when competing at the highest world level for the first time. The subjects were 3 Japanese male 3x3 pro basketball players who provided qualitative data through semi-structured interviews, each conducted for approximately 75 minutes. The interview data were analyzed using the Modified Grounded Theory Approach. As a result, 24 concepts were generated among 4 categories and 7 subcategories and the results suggested that Japanese male 3x3 basketball players competing at the top world level for the first time experience a series of processes whereby they get ready for the competition, and then experience top world standards through the games themselves and observation of the competition. This allows them to assess themselves from a world-class perspective, and from there to make a new start.
　These result suggest that when competing at the highest level for the first time, Japanese male 3x3 basketball players experience a process whereby they prepare for competition by assessing their previous experiences and becoming aware of an increase in motivation. Through participation in games and observation of the competition, they are able to experience world top class standards of physical ability, competition for space, and team chemistry, the latter 2 being dependent on physical ability, and interacting with each other. These experiences allow the players to see themselves in a world context, and to make a new start by realizing the tasks awaiting them, and setting new goals.

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　The aim of this study was to examine differences in goal scoring patterns between top ranked teams and middle to low ranked teams in 20xx Japan Women's Football League Division 1. Goals from open play were analyzed in terms of (1) the number of touches the goal scorer needed in order to take a shot, and the area of the shots that led to the goal, (2) actions prior to the goal, and their location, (3) the location of ball recovery, and the number of passes as well as the time after recovering the ball to scoring the goals. Chi- squared test or t-test was performed to examine the differences in goal scoring patterns between top ranked teams and middle to low ranked teams.
　The results showed that top ranked teams scored significantly (1) more goals by shots requiring 2 or more touches, fewer goals by shots requiring 1 touch, and also more goals from outside the penalty area and fewer goals from inside the penalty area, (2) more goals after a through pass and dribbling, and fewer goals after crossing and a rebound, (3) more goals from possessions started in the defensive third, requiring a significantly greater number of passes, and requiring a longer time after recovering the ball until scoring the goal. These results might reflect differences in the qualities of players and the use of attacking strategies between top ranked teams and middle to low ranked teams.

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　The purpose of this longitudinal study was to clarify the motion characteristics of children who had greatly improved their sprint speed in the middle grades of elementary school over a one-year period. The sprint motions of 23 children (12 boys and 11 girls) in the third and fourth grades were filmed and compared by classifying them into 2 groups: a superior group, who improved their running speed relatively significantly, and an inferior group, who increased their running speed only slightly.
　The motions of children who had improved their sprinting speed significantly in one year were characterized by an increase in the swing-back angular velocity of the hip joint, the degree of knee joint extension during ground contact, and the angular velocity of the extension. In addition, the whole leg swing speed and the ankle joint angle at ground contact were found to be smaller. Except for the swing-back angular velocity of the hip joint, these motions differed from the rational motions clarified in previous biomechanics research.
　The findings of this study indicate that some middle-grade elementary school children improve their sprinting speed significantly over the course of a year, even if it is transformed into a motion that is at odds with the rational motion, or the motion to be aimed for, described in previous studies.

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