This study aimed to develop a scale for self-regulated learning strategies in physical education (SRLSPE) for junior high school students based on 3 cyclical self-regulatory phases. In survey 1,398 junior high school students completed open-ended responses on self-regulated learning strategies across 3 phases: forethought, performance control, and self-reflection. The responses yielded three categories for forethought: 6 for performance control and 2 for self-reflection. In Survey 2,867 students completed the SRLS-PE, attitudes toward physical education, and goal orientation. Additionally, 55 of these students participated in a retest to assess the testretest reliability. Factor analysis revealed 2 factors (goal-setting and motivational regulation) for forethought, 3 factors (trial and error, imitation, and cooperation) for performance control, and 1 factor (self-reflection) for selfreflection. The reliability of the self-regulated learning strategies was further examined using Cronbach’s alpha and 1-month retest correlations, both of which demonstrated satisfactory values. Correlation coefficients with attitudes toward physical education were calculated and showed moderate correlations for assessing the validity of the selfregulated learning strategies. Examination of the influence of goal orientation on self-regulated learning strategies revealed that task orientation had a significantly greater positive effect on self-regulated learning strategies than with ego orientation. Furthermore, female students scored significantly higher than with their male counterparts for self-regulated learning involving imitation, cooperation, and self-reflection. These findings suggest that selfregulated learning strategies have certain validity levels. Challenges and future directions of these scales are discussed.

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There have been reports indicating that 1 in 2 female high school students exhibits some signs of female-specific health problems, which may include energy deficiency, menstrual irregularities, and osteoporosis. These issues constitute a significant health concern that requires intervention. Investigation of female-specific health problems from the perspective of school health activities promoted by health education and health management is essential, as it contributes to the promotion and maintenance of well-being for high school girls. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of high school teachers about female-specific health problems and the actual situation of school health programs. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted via mail, targeting 1,041 teachers from 347 full-time public high schools in 4 prefectures of northern Kanto, excluding all-boys schools. The researchers collected a total of 235 valid responses, and comparisons were conducted based on the type of teaching license (health and PE teachers, yogo teachers, and general teachers : except for health and PE teachers and yogo teachers) and whether the respondents served as homeroom teachers (homeroom teachers vs. subject teachers only). The findings revealed that the accuracy of knowledge about female-specific health problems showed higher values for health and PE teachers and yogo teachers compared to general teachers in terms of the overall correct answer rate for true/false questions. For the overall correct answer rate on multiplechoice questions, the order of lowest to highest was general teachers, health and PE teachers, and yogo teachers. The implementation rate of health education regarding female-specific health problems within subjects other than health and PE ranged from 6.6% to 13.1%. In comparison, for homeroom teachers, the implementation rate for student-led activities and period for inquiry-based cross-disciplinary study ranged from 0.0% to 2.0%, indicating low engagement. Regarding health management, the study found that teachers who also served as homeroom teachers had lower implementation rates for health consultations and health guidance than teachers responsible only for subject instruction. These results highlight the lack of integration of female-specific health topics in subjects outside of health and PE and the low engagement of homeroom teachers in health management. From the perspective of school health activities, it is necessary to enhance classes on female-specific health problems outside of health and physical education and to raise the awareness of homeroom teachers regarding health management.

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This study aimed to clarify the kyudo technique required to prevent “yurumi” and minimize the misalignment of the right fist, focusing on the “hineri” movement in “kai”, the extension of the right elbow in “zanshin”, and the movement of the right thumb when shooting, thereby contributing to a better hit rate. The subjects were 8 male university kyudo athletes. In experiment 1, the activities of the right pronator teres and the right triceps brachii were measured using surface EMGs, and analyzed. In experiment 2, the movements of the right thumb and the right fist were filmed using a high-speed camera, and analyzed. This analysis yielded the following 3 findings.
1）To prevent “yurumi”, the “hineri” movement should be strengthened from “hikiwake” to “kai”.
2）To prevent “yurumi”, the extension of the right elbow should be strengthened during “zanshin”.
3）To keep the misalignment of the right fist small and constant, the MP joint of the right thumb should be extended when shooting.

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This study aimed to clarify sex differences in the effects of arm swing on sprint performance and trunk motion in adolescent middle school track and field athletes. The participants included 8 male and 8 female middle school students belonging to a track and field club. A comparative experiment was conducted under 2 conditions: normal sprinting and sprinting with restriction of arm swing. Sprint velocity, step frequency, and stride length were calculated from high-speed camera recordings, and 3-dimensional motion analysis was performed to measure shoulder and pelvic rotation angles and angular velocities.
The results revealed that restriction of arm swing led to a significant decrease of sprint velocity and stride length in both males and females, while step frequency also decreased significantly in females. Furthermore, the percentage changes in sprint velocity and step frequency were significantly greater in females than in males. In terms of trunk motion, males exhibited a significant increase in shoulder rotation angle and angular velocity under arm restriction, whereas no significant changes were observed in females. Additionally, females subjected to arm swing restriction showed a significant negative correlation between the percentage change in shoulder rotation angle and the percentage changes in sprint velocity and step frequency, relative to the normal condition. Overall, the results revealed clear sex differences in how arm swing influences sprint performance and trunk mechanics. In females relative to males, arm swing appears to play a smaller role in directly constraining trunk rotation; however, it may play a greater role in mitigating trunk rotation-related declines in step frequency and sprint velocity. By contrast, in males relative to females, arm swing seems to contribute more to suppression of trunk rotation and may be more closely associated with maintaining or increasing step length.

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Although the Japan Sports Agency has actively promoted sport tourism, few studies have directly compared the impacts of sport tourism on life satisfaction across non-sport tourists, participation-based sport tourists, and spectator-based sport tourists. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of sport tourism on life satisfaction and compare its impact among non-sport tourists, participation-based sport tourists, and spectator-based sport tourists. Utilizing a two-wave prospective longitudinal design, usable data were collected from 419 tourists through online surveys administered before and after travel, categorizing participants based on their engagement in sport activities at destinations. Our sample consisted of 331 non-sport tourists, 67 participation-based sport tourists, and 21 spectator-based sport tourists. Our analysis revealed significant increases in life satisfaction across all groups. The impact was comparable across the groups, indicating the importance of overall, rather than specific, tourism experiences on life satisfaction. However, the different effect sizes suggest that the casual nature of spectator-based sport tourism might provide greater benefits to life satisfaction than the more demanding participation-based sport tourism. This study confirmed the positive impact of sport tourism on life satisfaction among Japanese adults, in line with the Japan Sports Agency’s initiatives aimed at enhancing well-being through sports, highlighting the need for further research to support the ongoing development of sport tourism in Japan.

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