Influence of serum on antibacterial activity of disinfectants and evaluation of disinfectant testing methods, ie, phenol coefficient method and minimum inhibitory concentration method, were studied. Changes in the effect of various disinfectants such as phenol, saponated cresol solution, povidone-iodine, benzethonium chloride and chlorhexidine were determined against various strains of S. aureus, S. typhi, E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, P. aeruginosa, P. maltophilia, P. cepacia and A. xylosoxidans.
1) Antibacterial activity of phenol, cresol and povidone-iodine reduced very slightly after serum is added, but that of serum-added benzethonium chloride and chlorhexidine decreased remarkably. 2) The bactericidal effect of serum-added disinfectants 1 hour after contact with bacteria reduced by 25 to 50 % 24 hours after. 3) The antibacterial effect of disinfectants determined by MIC method showed a considerable difference between the effect by phenol coefficient method. So concentration and bactericidal time should be taken into consideration in the evaluation of disinfectant testing methods.

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Mixing of powders and fine granules made by fluidized bed granulation that were different in particle size distribution was examined. It is prescribed in the Pharmacopoeia of Japan that more than 75 % of total fine granules pass through No.32 (500μ) sieve and remain on No.150 (105μ) seive, and not more than 10% of total fine granules pass through No.200 (74μ) sieve. Using lactose containing pigment as a raw material 2 sorts of fine granules, one having its peak at 42-65 meshes and the other at 65-100 meshes, were made with a fluidized bed granulator by modifying the granulating condition. Mixing epxeriment with the fine granules using lactose that is different in particle as a model of powder was performed. As a result, in case the mixture ratio was 1:1 the difference in mixing due to the difference in the particle diameter was scarcely observed. In case of the mixture with lactose of a fine particle size the granule having its peak at 65-100 meshes was the best of all in mixing, and in case of the mixture with lactose of a larger particle size the powders made by a fluidized bed granulation which indicated almost the same particle size distribution as the lactose showed the best mixing. In this way, it was found that the granules of a fine particle size were better in mixing with powder drugs on the conditions that they were without dispersiveness and adhesiveness.

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Antibiotics have been used in large amount in a wide variety of clinical conditions, and the adverse reactions and toxicity, due to excessive accumulation of the drugs became a serious problem. In this study, the effect of three representative cephalosporin antibioticscefalotin (CET), cefalorizin (CER) and cefazolin (CEZ)-on the liver and kidney was tested in animals given these antibiotics parenterally in various experimental doses. In the surviving mice, CET and CEZ did not produce any adverse effect on the liver and kidney, but CER caused renal failure. No untoward effect was observed in the liver of the rabbits treated with CET and CEZ, while hepatic damage was noted in rabbits which had received 250mg/kg of CER. A renal failure was seen in all CER-treated animals and in the group given CEZ in dose of 400mg/kg.

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The microbial quality control of 41 solutions or suspensions for internal use and of 8 radiopaque media was investigated by the test method described in PAB Notification No.297 (valid on April 1, 1976). All of the 49 pharmaceutical products tested met the standard requirements provided in the Notification, so that they are considered to be under good microbial quality control. Most of the sample solutions of radiopaque media were turbid and were difficult to be put to the test for microbial count. In this point, the test method for the microbial count is desired to be improved. A test method of estimating the possible antimicrobial activity of products is also desired to be standardized, because the antimicrobial activity may affect the final results of the tests in the Notification.

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Time series of the number of outpatients which may influence the number of outpatient prescriptions as an index to the amount of dispensing service at hospital pharmacy was analyzed on the basis of the 62-month survey. The influence was studied statistically. The influence rate (in terms of a square number of correlation coefficient) of the number of outpatients was 14.6% which was not satisfactory as a time series function. The rate of the number of prescriptions to the number of outpatients averaged 54.1%. The monthly variation of the rate was not so large. The influence rate of the number of outpatients to the number of outpatient prescriptions was as high as 62.1%, indicating considerable effect of the number of patients on the amount of dispensing service.

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Gustation and color tone of syrups on the market were analyzed by sensory evaluation. Method of preparation, color tone, viscosity, sweetness and other conditions of syrups were, as a matter of course, different by manufacturers. In this study, syrups diluted under a common condition were analyzed by binomial probability paper in statistical sensory evaluation. Color tone and dilution expressed in sensory value correlated with those in measured value. Sweetness, though different among syrups of different manufacturers, was found to be influenced by viscosity and dilution.

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The degree of dispensing danger (D, the rate of the actual number of dispensing errors per day to the expected number of eispensing errors) was measured in an effort to decrease errors. D tends to rise 1) on the days before Sunday or national holidays; 2) before the year-end holidays; and 3) in the training period for graduate pharmacists in dispensing work. D decreases when pharmacists are cautioned against errors. The working schedule taking errors into consideration must, therefore, be effective in giving efficient dispensing services.

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