The Japanese Journal of Physiology
Print ISSN : 0021-521X
Volume 16, Issue 5
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
  • Nariko TAKANO
    1966 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 481-496
    Published: 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Accumulation of lactate in blood during passive hyperventilation and the causative factors for this phenomenon were investigated in anesthetized dogs. In severe, sustained hyperventilation, a striking increase in blood lactate within 2 hours and a subsequent gradual decrease were observed. Furthermore, it was manifested from an experiment in which the ventilation was progressively raised that the increase in lactate was proportionally related to the decrease in PAco2 but that it was hardly detected during slight hyperventilation when the decrement of PAco2 was less than 15 mmHg. The plasma bicarbonate under the standard conditions (SCB) proposed by PETERS and VAN SLYKE was calculated in the same experimental group and approximately 42% of its decrement up to 7 mM/l was found to be accounted for by the increased blood lactate.
    For the purpose of exploring the factor controlling the lactic acid production of tissue cells in the acid-base disturbance such as seen in hyperventilation, a series of experiments were performed: 1) Animals were subjected to hyperventilation, with a) keeping the blood pH normal by simultaneous infusion of NH4Cl, and b) keeping the alveolar Pco2 normal by admixing proper amounts of CO2 in the inspiratory air. 2) Immobilized animals were infused intravenously with NaHCO3 or THAM solutions, alveolar Pco2 being maintained at a normal level by artificially controlling the ventilation rate. By examining the time course of blood lactate in these animals, it was deduced that the increase in blood lactate, in the acid-base disturbance including hyperventilatory alkalemia unaccompanied by tissue hypoxia, is more probably caused by a rise in intracellular pH than intracellular hypocapnia.
    Download PDF (1347K)
  • Takesi HUKUHARA, Toshiaki NEYA
    1966 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 497-508
    Published: 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. On the rat stomach in vivo and in vitro the origin and the behavior of the peristalsis were studied in correlation with the automaticity of various regions of the stomach.
    2. In the stomach in vivo the gastric peristalsis always started every 10 seconds as a ring of contraction which was projected through the root of the left gastric artery at right angle to the curved long axis of the stomach. This area was conveniently referred to as pacemaker area. The muscle contained in this area contracted almost synchronously, and this ring of contraction slowly propagated pyloruswards with the velocity of about 1 mm/sec.
    3. If the frequency of contractions is taken as a criterion of automaticity, the fundic strip ranks among the highest class, the sphincter strip among the lowest and the body and pyloric strips among the middle. And it was noted that the strips made from the upper regions always contracted with a regular rhythm, whereas those made from the lower regions contracted with an irregular rhythm.
    4. It was found that when physostigmine was applied, the pacemaker and its adjacent area were enormously increased in its tone, but the contractions remained in their frequency almost unchanged and were in their amplitude increased not so significantly, while the pyloric part and sphincter showed only a slight increase in its tone but an enormous rise both in its frequency and amplitude of contractions.
    5. The phenomena described above revealed that the pars proventricularis and the body take a role of not only preserving the content but also keeping the rhythmicity constant, while the pyloric part and sphincter take a role of favorably evacuating the content.
    Download PDF (2613K)
  • Nozomu SAITO
    1966 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 509-518
    Published: 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. Electromotoneurons of the electric lobe were investigated by intracellular electrode technique.
    2. Each of the four electric nerves originates from electromotoneurons occupying a particular area in the electric lobe.
    3. Antidromic L-spikes and S-spikes were obtained from electromotoneurons and compared with component spikes of the cat motoneurons. The L-spike is presumed to originate from the soma and the proximal segment of electromotoneurons, and the S-spike from the axon remote to the soma.
    4. Synaptic potentials of electromotoneurons fluctuate in amplitude at the constant intensity of orthodromic stimulation applied to the surface of the spinal cord. The estimated reversal potential of the synaptic potential was nearly the same as the outside potential of the cell.
    5. Intracellular spike potentials of presynaptic fibers were characterized by a high amplitude and a short duration.
    Download PDF (3643K)
  • Masaji MOCHIZUKI, Ko NAKAMURA, Yotaro OYAMA
    1966 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 519-527
    Published: 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The oxygenation velocity of Hb was studied by using the conventional rapid flow method. Specifically, it was compared in four and multiple jet type mixing chambers. As a result a steeper rise of SO2 was observed in the latter multiple jet chamber at an early stage of reaction, probably due to the enhanced efficiency of mixing.
    The oxygenation velocity was expressed in this study by a rate factor which was calculated by dividing the O2 uptake by the difference between the back pressure and the PO2 of the surrounding medium. The former pressure was read from the O2 dissociation curve of Hb by referring to the SO2. This factor was not lineally proportional to the undersaturation, but went up to the 1.6th power of it.
    Download PDF (716K)
  • Takesi HUKUHARA, Hiroyuki FUKUDA, Toshiaki NEYA
    1966 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 528-540
    Published: 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. Utilizing MAGNUS' as well as TRENDELENBURG'S method the action of morphine upon the motility of the isolated small intestine of rats, rabbits and guinea pigs were studied.
    2. The drug almost always produced the augmentation of the intestinal motility: At smaller concentrations the contractions were increased in their amplitude with or without being accompanied with a rise of tone, while at higher concentrations there was produced a remarkable rise of tone, which could culminate in its extreme to produce disordered contractions.
    3. After applying the ganglion blocking agents such as nicotine and hexamethonium as well as atropine morphine produced the excitatory effect not inferior to that observed before the application of the agents described above. On the other hand, no change was observed in the inhibitiory effect produced by the strong stimulation of the mesenteric nerves before and after the application of morphine. And furthermore, morphine did not alter the excitatory effect of the ganglion stimulating agent, DMPP.
    4. From the results described above it may be concluded that morphine exerts an excitatory action solely on the intestinal muscle, without having any action on the intramural nervous elements.
    Download PDF (1163K)
  • Kayoko ONODERA, Kimiko YAMAKAWA
    1966 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 541-550
    Published: 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. The effects of lithium on the end-plate potential, miniature end-plate potential and their post-tetanic potentiation were studied at the neuromuscular junction of the frog.
    2. Lithium decreased the amplitude of end-plate potential to 85% in curarized muscle and to 55% in the Mg-blocked muscle. Lithium reduced the size of miniature end-plate potentials to about 80%. This should be ascribed to the effects of lithium on the post-synaptic events.
    3. In the Mg-treated muscle the quantum contents of e. p. p. were smaller in the lithium solution than in the normal solution, indicating that lithium has also a pre-synaptic action.
    4. When the muscle was tetanized in the lithium solution, the so-called post-tetanic potentiation of e. p. p. disappeared, and the amplitude of e. p. p. was greatly reduced. The potentiation of the frequency of miniature end-plate potential could be seen, but the increase of the frequency did not return to pre-tetanic level.
    Download PDF (831K)
  • Masazumi KAWAKAMI, Tomihisa KOSHINO, Yuriko HATTORI
    1966 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 551-569
    Published: 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The neurohumoral interaction in the feedback control of ACTH secretion was studied by means of EEG observation before and after intravenous administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, SU-4885 which is an inhibitory substance for the adrenocortical hormone production by the adrenal cortex, and hydrocortisone acetate in rabbit. For further clarification of this problem, crystalline hydrocortisone acetate was implanted or a localized lesion was made in the brain and alterations in the stress response were observed.
    The results were as follows:
    A. The EEG activity showed the following alterations after injection of adrenocorticotrophic hormone.
    1. In jection of adrenocorticotrophic hormones brought about a decrease in slower components of 2-13 cps in the dorsal hippocampus (alveus) and the median eminence-periventricular arcuate nucleus, and an increase in the amygdala (lateral basal portion), anterior hypothalamic area, mammillary body and the midbrain reticular formation. In some cases 40 cps spindle-like burst increased after injection. The medial preoptic area revealed a diphasic alteration by injection, first an increase and then a decrease in the slower components. Little change occurred in the activity of the posterior hypothalamic area.
    2. With administration of SU-4885, there was an increase in the slower frequency components in the dorsal hippocampus, anterior hypothalamic area, median eminence-periventricular arcuate nucleus and the posterior hypothalamic area. In the amygdala these components first decreased but from 2-4 hours after injection then increased. In some cases the 40 cps waves showed a remarkable increase. In the midbrain reticular formation the slower components showed a diphasic change, first a decrease and then an increase.
    3. With hydrocortisone acetate injection, there was an increase in the slower components of the dorsal hippocampus and the median eminence-periventricular arcuate nucleus, but these components markedly decreased in the amygdala, anterior hypothalamic area and the midbrain reticular formation.
    B. After implantation of hydrocortisone acetate or localized electrolytic destruction in the median eminence-periventricular arcuate nucleus and the nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami, the stress response of the rabbit, as indicated by the decrease of blood lymphocytes or the increase of urinary Porter-Silber chromogen excretion, showed a depression. In cases of the septum pellucidum, posterior hypothalamic area, central grey and the midbrain reticular formation, no remarkable change occurred following these treatments in the stress response.
    On a basis of these results it was suggested that the basal hypothalamus might be a focus for the negative feedback control for the maintenance of homeostasis of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and adrenocortical hormone, and that the hippocampus and the amygdala might participate in this mechanism by acting on the basal hypothalamus when their activities were influenced by the changes in adrenocorticotrophic or adrenocortical hormone level.
    Download PDF (1812K)
  • Koji UCHIZONO
    1966 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 570-575
    Published: 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    New fixation methods in electron microscopy using formalin have revealed that there are two different types of synapses in the anterior horn of the cat spinal cord. The one type of synapse contains vesicles of spherical shape A of about 500Å diameter, while the other synapse contains ellipsoidal vesicles. of the smaller size than the former. In comparison with Purkinje cells in the cat's cerebellum which have been identified as having excitatory (spherical) and inhibitory (ellipsoidal) synapses on the dendrite and soma of neuron respectively, it may be concluded that the motoneuron of the cat's anterior horn has two types of synapses, of which one contains excitatory synaptic vesicles (spherical) and the other contains inhibitory synaptic vesicles (ellipsoidal).
    Download PDF (4992K)
  • Shigechika FUJISHITA
    1966 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 576-583
    Published: 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1. Oxygen uptake of rod outer segments was apparently inhibited following illumination.
    2. When rhodopsin solution was illuminated, a photo-release of molecular oxygen from rhodopsin solution was observed, possibly leading to an inhibition of the oxygen uptake of rod outer segments.
    3. Optimum pH for the release of molecular oxygen was 6.7-6.8.
    4. Action spectrum for photo-release of molecular oxygen from rhodopsin solution was observed in a spectrum region between 450-560 mμ.
    5. Light absorbed by interaction between π-electron of vitamin A aldehyde and opsin may contribute to the release of O2 from rhodopsin solution; light absorbed by vitamin A aldehyde and opsin themselves was non-effective for the release of O2.
    Download PDF (650K)
  • Yojiro KAWAMURA, Tooru NISHIYAMA
    1966 Volume 16 Issue 5 Pages 584-597
    Published: 1966
    Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The pontine-bulbar projection of the pressure afferent from each tooth of the cat was determined, and the physiologic character of the response in the lower brain was analyzed.
    Each single tooth was pressed manually by a force meter (strain-gauge) and an evoked response in the pontine-bulbar region was recorded by means of microelectrode. The distribution of the responding spots in these areas was determined histologically.
    The responding spots localized in the ipsilateral trigeminal sensory nuclei at the levels between the brachium pontis and the obex. and these spots distributed mainly in the medial and central parts of the ipsilateral spinal nucleus and main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Most of these spots in the nuclei responded to individual single teeth, but a few spots were recognized to receive impulses from several teeth.
    Information from the mandibular teeth projected more dorsally and medially in the nuclei than that from the maxillary teeth, whereby the molars projected more dorsally than the front teeth.
    Most of these spots responded to pressure on the teeth from all five directions, that is: axial, labio-lingual, lingo-labial, disto-medial and mediodistal, but some responded to the pressure given from specific directions only.
    Download PDF (4279K)
feedback
Top