1. Sugar content in sweat varies in inverse proportion to the rate of secretion. After a dose of glucose it tends to rise.
No sugar is found in normal saliva. It is only found when glucose is administered or in diabetics.
2. Pyruvic acid content in sweat is far higher than its blood level. It is very high in the initial stage of sweating, and varies moderately in inverse proportion to the rate of sweating.
Lactic acid and pyruvic acid contents in saliva are far lower than the normal values in blood and they vary in direct proportion to the rate of secretion. The levels of the two components in saliva increase in comformity with their rises in blood.
3. Production of lactic and pyruvic acids in sweat glands and their elimination were discussed making reference to those in salivary glands.

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Urethanized dogs were used in all experiments. The change in portal venous pressure during the increase of intestinal movements caused by pouring warmed saline solution on the surface of the intestinal loop, was studied. When the portal venous pressure rose, it was observed the carotid blood pressure also rose. In cases, where rise in carotid blood pressure did not occur, only a fall in portal venous pressure could be observed. Similar results were obtained in the perfusion experiments of the loop. A perfect synchronism between the contractions of the intestinal loop and the decrease of the outflow from the vein was observed in the perfusion experiment.

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(1) The outersegments of rods are detached from the retinal tissues without damage by crushing the retinae with slides.
(2) The detached outersegments of rods are separated completely by means of a new sugar floatation method.
(3) The process involved in this new sugar floatation method is as follows:
(a) Four liquid layers are prepared in a centrifuge tube. Three of them consist of sugar solutions, of specific gravities 1.200, 1.150, 1.120 respectively and the top layer is made up of distilled water. The pH of them should be 7.0.
(b) Centrifuge at 3000 rpm. for 15 min.
(c) The stratum of floating outersegments at the boundary between two solutions is pipetted off and recentrifuged in a sugar solution of s.g. 1.160.
(4) Gylcerin solutions of various specific gravities can be used as substitutes for the sugar solutions; their specific gravities should be 1.200, 1.180 and 1.150.
(5) Rhodopsin can be extracted from the outersements of rods with various substances hitherto not described.

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Liver extirpated toads or frogs survived more than 10 days in winter and about 3 days in summer, if they were given glucose and sodium bicarbonate solution after hepatectomy. The increase of bilirubin in serum of the liver extirpated toad was demonstrated by the absorption spectrum of serum.
The change of rhodopsin solution, extracted from the retinae of liver extirpated toads or frogs both in winter and summer, was revealed by a shifting of the point of maximum absorption (λ max.) towards shorter wave lengths 5-10 mμ and therefbre an insufficiency of rhodopsin synthesis could be traced and rhodopsin thereof may be the same as the isorhodopsin described by Collins (3).
When the liver extirpated animals were given choline solution, the point of maximum absorption (λ max.) returned to the normal site.
The yellow color exhibited by the retinae of liver extirpated animals was deeper than that of the control, the velocity of bleaching to visual white being slower. The cause of this phenomenon may be due to the deficiency of retinene reductase, identical with liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

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1. The VRP and the DRP induced by delivering single shocks to a dorsal root were recorded on excised toad's spinal cord.
2. The VRP was analyzed into two components; the spike-like component and the slow component.
3. In the unanesthetized fresh state the VRP consists only of the slow component superimposed by spike potentials discharging over the ventral root. Later, small spike-like waves begin to appear after the impulse discharge has almost ceased.
4. In the earlier stage of ether narcosis VRP increases its magnitude enormously. Shortly before its complete abolishment, it shows a pointed crest and a rather rapid temporal decay, which is purely exponential. It consists almost exclusively of spike-like component.
5. Besides the ordinary slow wave, the DRP shows a spike-like wave under ether narcosis, which evidently corresponds to that of enhanced VRP. Also tetraethyl ammonium bromide evokes spike-like waves in DRP,
6. The slow component in DRP is always higher than that in VRP. The spike-like component in DRP is less conspicuous than that in VRP.
7. The two components in VRP or DRP can alter their magnitude independently of each other to a certain extent, while the homonymous components in both root potentials vary their heights in parallel.
8. As structural elements responsible for the slow and the spike-like components, terminal ramification of presynaptic fibers was assumed for the former and postsynaptic cell-bodies for the latter.

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1. Nicotinization (as well as picrotoxinization and metrazolization) applied to grey matters of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, midbrain, and cerebellar cortex produces selectively generalized clonic convulsion in dogs and apes; but that applied to the white matter or nerve causes no motor effects.
2. By chemical stimulation and the method of elimination, the author confirmed the path of clonic convulsion as follows:thalamus (contralateral) thalamus (homolateral) Substantia nigra (contralateral) cerebrum→lenticular nuclei→Substantia nigra (homolateral)→(crossed)→anterior horn cell of spinal cord→skeletal muscle
3. From the cerebellar cortex clonic convulsion was produced with or without cerebrum. The path passes through the thalamus to the lenticular nucleus, to the homolateral midbrain.
4. After severing the lenticular nuclei of both sides, the clonic convulsion initiated in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, cerebellum or lenticular nucleus itself was completely abolished in dogs.
5. Unitateral lenticotomy was applied to epileptic patients with partial success. Not only the fit of seizures, but also the fit of loss of consciousness was eradicated in successful cases. A very high cure rate is anticipated with bilateral lenticotomy.
6. From the fact that cerebral clonic convulsion was produced in dogs in which the medullary pyramids had been severed, and that its path has several relay nuclei to the spinal cord, it must be considered that this system belongs to the extrapyramidal system.
7. Some substances elicit tonic convulsions (TK) from the cerebrum and others alternating convulsions (LK). Thus the method of chemical stimulation can fractionate the action of the motor cells in experiments on the central nervous system, and elucidate the path of each system.

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1) The lumen of the sudoriferous duct, all along its passage from the surface of the skin to the deepest level of the stratum corneum, is lined by concentrically and epithelially arranged flattened cells, the layers of which are presumably three in number (fig. 1).
2) An additional proof for the fact that the duct in the stratum corneum is a tubular structure with a wall of its own is afforded by an experiment, in which a fairly thick slice taken from the surface of the skin is heated in a solution of caustic potash. The cells constituting the wall of the duct are more resistant than the general cells of the stratum corneum, so that a tubular form remains (fig. 2).
3) In the stratum germinativum, nucleated and epithelially arranged cells, presumably in three layers, surround the lumen of the sudoriferous duct, some of them containing keratohyalin granules in the cytoplasm (fig. 3).
4) The sudoriferous duct in the corium has an epithelium consisting definitely of three layers of cells. The innermost layer is made up of cuboidal cells, while the outer two layers are constituted by more flattened cells. All the cell layers are continued, without any observable change in arrangement and character of cells, to those of the sudoriferous duct in the stratum germinativum. Hence, it is assumed that the cell layers of the duct in the stratum germinativum and at the upper levels of the epidermis are also three in number, although this is obscured by the circumstances that the neighboring epidermal cells are flattened by pressure and so deformed to appear as if they form more layers of cells over the proper wall of the duct (fig. 4).
5) The duct in the epidermis is thought to be continually regenerated by multiplication of its cells presumably at the deeper levels of the stratum germinativum. The duct cells, as they reach the upper levels of the epidermis, undergo keratinization, which is more precocious than in the epidermal cells at the same level. Moreover, the innermost layer of them precedes the outer two layers in that process.

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An electrophotometric experiment on a substance extracted from the chicken retina was made and the following findings were obtained.
1. A photosensitive substance in the chicken retina can be extracted with sodium glycocholate, which is usually employed for the extraction of the visual purple.
The substance is transparent reddish yellow when the procedures are carried out in dim blue-violet light.
2. This substance absorbs much of the light of shorter wave-lengths and some of the longer wave-lengths in the spectrum.
3. The photosensitive substance extracted has five maximal absorptions; in blue (460 mμ), blue-green (510 mμ), green (540 mμ), yellow (570 mμ) and red (630mμ), where the crest at 510 mμ is due to the visual purple.
4. When the animals are bred under continuous illumination the difference in spectrum caused by bleaching diminishes at all spectral regions, particularly at the maximum of 510 mμ.
5. An ether-soluble substance can be obtained from the chicken retina, the light retinae and retinal pigment epithelia of frog and toad, and also from the livers of all these animals, and its spectral absorption maxima are at 420, 450 and 475 mμ.

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1. Changes in the cerebral functional state were studied electroencephalographically in fatigue induced by forced swimming of 13 rats.
2. The characteristic changes of the EEG's in fatigued rats were the suppression of the basic waves and increase of the small fast waves, which indicate an enhanced state of cerebral excitatory level and considered to be an excited period of fatigue (Type 1).
3. Both the average frequency and amplitude increased in one rat in the fatigued state, and indicate a higher excitatory level than type 1 (Type 2).
4. Slow waves appeared in the recovery stage in one rat, and indicated a drowsy state or lowered level in cerebral excitation and is considered to be an inhibited state of fatigue (Type 3).
5. It has already been shown by us that the excited period was generally followed by an inhibited period in mental fatigue, but only an excited state of the brain was found in somatic fatigue, even though the animal was thought to be extremely fatigued, except for one case in the recovery stage.

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Measurements of the resting potential, the threshold, the accommodation curve and the excitatory state were made in the hope that some information might be gained as to the relation between nervous activity and phosphate metabolism, especially to the mechanism of action of an inorganic phosphate, organic phosphate compounds viz., CrP or ATP, and Mg ions in the active as well as the resting state of a nerve fiber.
1. The effect of the inorganic phosphate on the nervous activity. Ranvier's node treated with inorganic phosphate, 0.056 M Na₂HPO₄-Ringer's solution (PH 7.6, Δ=0.45°C.), was affected by the inflowing current from its outer side (membrane potential decreased at this node). The threshold was lowered to about 60% of the initial value for some 20-30 minutes after application of the test solutian and brought back to the initial value after 60 minutes.
The minimal current gradient decreased (λ value increased). The excitatory state was elevated by about 20% from the initial value. Moreover oxygen consumption was enhanced by it.
2. CrP had no influence on nervous activity, but the addition of Mg ions raised the excitatory state by 15% of its initial value.
3. ATP affects nervous activity, viz, the threshold is lowered by 50%, theE-state elevated by 15% and the resting potential increased at the node applied with ATP (the outflowing current from its inner side).
The present experiments indicated that nervous activity is intimately related to the oxidative metabolism and the energy-rich phosphate bonds.

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The penetration of P³² into nervous tissue was studied and the results may be summarized as follows.
1) The intensity (penetration quantity) increases within three hours, and continues to increase with the passing of time.
2) The uptake of P³² by nerves has been studied at temperatures ranging from-2°C. to 35°C. Calculated in accordance with Arrhenius's equation, the activation energy of the transfer process, μ, was about 8500 calories in experiment I and 5060 calories in experiment II. The magnitude of this value indicates that the transfer process is physical rather than chemical in nature.
3) By addition of various drugs the penetration was almost inhibited.
4) The uptake of P³² by the trichlor acetic-acid-soluble portion of nerve is much greater than that by the insoluble portion.
5) The transferring of P³² seems to take place by diffusion.

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Measurements of glycolytic activities were made with skin slices and isolated sweat glands of men.
(1) Q^N2_M of the outermost layer of the skin varied from 2.87 to 4.34. Those of the deeper layers were less than the above and seemed to vary according to the volumes of sweat glands contained in them. Much higher values (6.74 on an average) were obtained from foetal whole skins.
(2) Q^N2_Ms of sweat glands were 3.82-5.82 for apocrine and 1.54-2.58 for eccrine glands. Much smaller figures were found on excised glands probably because of injuries to the glands.

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1. Ammonia content of sweat varied from 1mg. to 10.7mg. per 100cc. It was high in the initial stage of sweating when the secretion was scanty, and low when it became profuse. However, it did not increase usually when sweating gradually subsided by lowering room temperature.
2. Glutaminase I was found in human skin tissue but not in sweat.
3. Ammonia formation in human skin tissue was more remarkable in the presence of glutamine but not of glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, threonine, asparagine, tyrosine, histidine and urea. A large proportion of ammonia in sweat seems to be derived from glutamine.

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The removal as well as the electro-coagulation of the regions of the brain stem was performed to determine the definite localization of the respiratorycenters. The results are summarized as follows:
(1) At the level of the striae acusticae the normal respiratory centers are located bilaterally and in the group of small cells situated in the lateral reticular formation on both sides. The rostral ends of the centers pass to about 0.5 mm. over the line joining the rostral border of the acoustic tubercles and their caudal ends reach for about 0.5 mm. caudad from the line joining the caudal border of the acoustic tubercles.
(2) It is probable that the centrifugal fibers arising from the normal respiratory centers pass respectively through the lateral reticular formation on the same side and tend to converge as they descend toward the obex.

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On 18 men walking for hours on midsummer days without taking food and drink, general symptoms, sweating and changes in blood and urine were observed, special reference being taken to chloride balance and its regulation by the kidney.
1. The period of walking varied from 3 to 8 hours, and the total amount of sweat from 841 to 3675 g., with chloride concentration ranging from 0.050 to 0.239 per cent.
2. The Cl concentration of the sweat being strikingly less than that of the body fluid, the sweating must result in an excess of Cl in the body. But no increase in the Cl concentration of the blood was found, while the protein concentration of serum rose distinctly.
3. More or less amount of urine with Cl cncentrations varying from 0.674 to 1.262 per cent were discharged during sweating. The excess of Cl in the body was therefore compensated by renal function, partly but not completely.
4. Tentative discussion on other mechanisms of compensation was given.

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1) Spontaneous discharges in the central ganglion are of two types; the direction of discharge of one type is similar to that of discharges in response to illumination, and discharges of the other kind originate in the motor area.
2) When the lateral eye of the crab is exposed to light action current discharges, “on-responses” are recognized in the optic lobe with a frequency about 15 per sec., and discharge “off-responses” are also revealed in response to thecessation of illumination with a frequency about 10 per sec.
The “on-responses” are very labile and liable to disapper very soon, but the “off-responses” survive usually several minutes longer than the former.

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The effects of L-noradrenaline and L-adrenaline on the denervated iris of cats, blood pressure of dogs and intestinal segments of rabbits were compared.
In the cat paradoxical pupil reaction, noradrenaline was equally effective or less effective in comparison with adrenaline. The activity ratio of noradrenaline to adrenaline varied from 0.45: 1 to 1.0: 1, with a mean value of 0.73: L Noradrenaline was more effective on dog blood pressure than adrenaline, and the ratio of activity of noradrenaline to that of adrenaline varied between 1.6: 1 and 2.8: 1, with a mean value of 2.1: 1.
Noradrenaline was found to be more effective than adrenaline on rabbit intestinal segments. The activity ratio was 2.0: 1-3.5: 1, with a mean value of 2.8: 1.
The discrepancy of adrenaline estimates of adrenal extract yielded by various biological methods was discussed.

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The variability of temperature within a narrow strip of skin area was studied with single thermo-junction of very small heat capacity and conductivity.
(1) There exists a period, of about a week, of very small steady variability after birth.
(2) After the initial quiescent period, a long phase of increasing variability follows, which may extend well over a year. The activity of sweat glands coincides with the termination of the first quiet period.
(3) A gradual development of functional differentiation of the skin is discussed.

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The effects of spectral lights of various wave-lengths upon the electrical activity of the cat's cortex were investigated. The light was interrupted at various frequencies by means of an episcotister driven by a motor. The horizontal sweep of a cathode ray oscillograph was made to synchronize with the rhythm of stimulation, so that a standing image of responses was established on the screen.
1. At lower frequencies of flicker, evoked potentials consisted of on-and offresponses. The latter, however, disappeared above a certain frequency between 10 and 15 cps. The critical fusion frequency seemed to lie between 25 and 35 cps.
2. No pattern characteristic of the wave-length could be found. However, the amplitude of response was altered in a characteristic manner as the wavelength was systematically varied. The spectral distribution of amplitude was found closely similar to the scotopic luminosity curve.
3. When strong colored lights were used, some difference in wave form could be found, but it was shown that the difference was chiefly due to the difference in luminosity.
4. Responses obtained with bipolar lead were restricted to the striate and extra-striate areas. When monopolar lead was used, responses appeared over much wider regions, including the so-called auditory areas. A systematic phase difference was seen between records obtained from two neighboring areas, and this fact suggests that excitation spreads from the visual cortex into surrounding areas through some intracortical pathways.

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1. In the toad's excised spinal cord, ventral root potential appeared on occasion as a positive wave in response to a single stimulus delivered to a dorsal root.
2. The positive wave appeared either as a pure monophasic positivity which covered the whole time-course of VRP, or, most frequently, only partially in the middle portion of the VRP.
3. The occurrence of positive waves in VRP was facilitated by the cathodal polarization of motoneurone somata and also by its repeated orthodromic excitation.
4. Possible sources of the positive waves in VRP were analyzed and discussed.

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The contents of urea, amino acid and ammonia of sweat were measured in association with the rate of secretion and the specific function of the duct. The urea content of sweat was always above serum level, while the amino acid content was below serum level and ammonia of sweat was much higher. It was surmised that the concentrating mechanism of urea existed in the sweat gland duct and it was also supposed that there is a limited reabsorbent ability of amino acid in sweat.

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1. Melanophore hormone (MH) has the power of accelerating regeneration of visual purple in the retina when it is taken in the body.
2. MH also makes visual purple regenerate in the retina of eye-cups in the absence of circulating blood.
3. MH also has the power to re-synthesize visual purple from photo-decomposed materials in solution even when the visual purple is in a state of decomposition due to “Nachbleichung.”
4. Some existing facts on the role of pigment epithelium in visual purple regeneration and of scotopic vision in the lower animal kingdom and human being were discussed from the view-point of this potency of MH.

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1. A skin polarization curve was induced by a minute electrode using rectangular voltage pulses.
2. A higher polarizability exsists in sweat pores. The polarization curve led by a large electrode hitherto came from the sweat pores.
3. When a large current is charged on the sweat pores which are units of skin polarizability with the minute cathode, a large depolarization occurs which seems as an expression of excitation of the tissue under sweat pore. On the other hand a repolarization occurs when the minute electrode is anode.

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In the responses of the sound muscle of the shrilling cicada (i) a train of action potentials and (ii) a train of rapid twitches are observed synchronously. Its frequency is about 100 per second. Not only the electrical but the mechanical small changes can often be observed during the silent period of the insect. These are probably due to the damage of the muscle caused by the leading electrodes. Related reports of several authors are discussed.

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1. By inserting glass micro-electrodes, whose external tip diameter was less than 1μ, into ventral horn cells in excised toad's spinal cord, the resting membrane potential and the action potential of single motoneurones were recorded.
2. In response to a single stimulus delivered to a dorsal root, there appeared firstly synaptic potentials in a motoneurone, which brought about spike potentials when they attained a certain size by summation. Positive synaptic potentials were encountered occasionally.
3. When stimulated antidromically by the impulses in ventral root fibers, the motoneurone responded with a slow negative potential which resembled the synaptic potential, followed by a spike potential of soma.
4. The spike potential was followed by a negative after-potential and then by a positive after-potential whose relative size was much greater than that of the axon.
5. Some motoneurones showed repetitive spike discharges for a short time immediately after the insertion of the micro-electrode. In these cases cyclic changes of the base-line potential were observed coincidentally with the period of spike discharge.
6. Activities of cells which were supposed to be internuncial neurones were also recorded.
7. The effects of constant currents flowing through motoneurones on the resting and action potentials were tested. It was found that the spike potentials were more sensitive to polarizing currents than synaptic and resting potentials.

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1. Resting potential (RP) and action potential (AP) of single muscle fibres were measured by means of a microelectrode inserted into them. The frog's sartorius muscles were employed. The average RP was 84.1mV, and the average AP was 117.4mV at the temperature range of 18-24°C.
2. RP decreased linearly with the logarithmic increase of the external K+ concentrations in the range higher than 10mM, and the inclination of that line corresponds to the change of 45mV per ten-fold change of K⁺ concentrations. The results were explained under the assumption that the distribution of K⁺, Cl^- etc. between the muscle fibre and its surroundings followed the Donnanequilibrium.

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Antidiuretic substance was excreted in human urine after heavy sweating. It was also found in human sweat, though much less in amount.

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I. An investigation was made on the electrical and mechanical responses of the sound muscle of the cicada (Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata) as well as of the wing muscle of the locust (Oxya st.) following indirect stimulation, and also on the other phenomena relating to the neuro-muscular transmission.
II. Observations on the sound muscle.
(1) An extremely rapid twitch appeared by a single indirect stimulus, the duration of the twitch being about 10 msec. or less at 30°C.
(2) When the records are obtained between an active electrode at various points along the muscle surface and an indifferent electrode, surface action potentials to single indirect stimulus are positive and monophasic, showing little variation in the latent period.
(3) Neither electrical nor mechanical response show gradation with changes in the stimulus strength. Though the so-called direct stimulation is, in fact, accomplished, the lack of sensitivity to the electric current of the muscle fiber can not be denied in this insect.
(4) Miniature discharges are often found in injured muscles, and they are supposed to be due to the dissociate activity evoked by the injury in the muscle fibers or of the small specialized membrane areas of the fiber related to the nerve ending.
(5) The peak voltage of action potential to repetitive stimuli shows no gradation at any stinnilus frequency. At high frequency a fusion of action potentials occurs as in the case of the mechanical responses. No results showing evident facilitation are obtained.
III. Observations on the wing muscle.
(1) During excitation a potential gradient develops along the muscle, and the negativity before and after which there is positivity in the region near the nerve entrance.
(2) The intra-cellular action potential does not exceed the value of the resting potential which ranges between 50-70 mV. By the repetitive stimutation the peak voltage of action potential is almost constant at all frequencies, and a fusion also occurs as in the case of the surface action potential of the sound muscle.
It is concluded that in the electrical response of the insect muscle the local process plays much more important role than the conduction process.
The author wishes to express his indebtness to Prof. Y. Katsuki for his kind advice and criticism, to Dr. and Mrs. I. Tasaki for their kind advice on the work with the capillary electrode., to Mr. H. Uchiyama for his kind criticism in preparing this paper and to Drs. A. Watanabe and H. Takeda for their kind assistance at every stage of the investigation.

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Resting potential, threshold and action current of a myelinated nerve fibre treated with various concentrations of potassium were measured. The threshold of the potassium-treated node increased, while that of the adjacent one decreased. The action current was decreased in magnitude in both nodes. The effects of various magnitudes of polarizing potentials on these nodes were measured. The effects of calcium and barium on threshold and action current were also measured.

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1. Stimulation electrically as well as chemically applied to the motor face area of the cortex produced generalized epileptic seizures in the limbs and face muscles in monkeys as well as in dogs.
2. After removing the homolateral leg and arm area, stimulation to the face area produced epileptic seizures only in the contralateral face muscles in monkeys as well as in dogs.
3. After the face area of the cortex was removed, stimulation of the limb or arm area produced seizures in all limbs and trunk and in the ipsilateral face muscles in monkeys as well as in dogs.
4. Seizures of the homolateral face muscles following stimulation of the face area could not be produced when the contralateral hemisphere, especially, its face area was removed, and also when the homolateral or the contralateral thalamus was removed in dogs.
5. Epileptic seizures for the face muscles as well as for limb muscles following cortical stimulation could not appear after the globus pallidus in both sides were removed, on the contrary, the tonic contraction could be produced. Chemical stimulation to the globus pallidus produced epileptic seizures of all limbs, the homolateral face muscles in dogs and of bilateral eyelids and ears.
6. Stimulation of the frontal eye field produced a conjugate deviation of the eyes to the opposite side and clonic convulsion of the eyelids and ears. It did not produce seizures of the face muscles nor limb muscles in monkeys as well as in dogs. It was established that the frontal eye field in dogs was situated in the prorea (in front of the gyrus compositus ant.).
7. The efferent pathway of the epileptic seizures for face muscles differed from that for limb muscles. It took the course that the cells of the cortical area for face projected to the homolateral thalamus from which the second neurone to the homolateral globus pallidus. The third neurone started in the globus pallidus, crossed at the level between the thalamus and midbrain and reached the medial side of the substantia nigra and its posterior locus of substantia reticularis, which would be the executing center of an epileptic spasm of the muscles of that half of the face from which the fourth neurone got to the nuclei of the cranial nerves for face muscles.
8. The copious secretion of saliva which accompanied the epileptic seizure could not be produced when seizure of the face could not be elicited in monkeys as well as in dogs.

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Excess sodium chloride intake diminishes the plasma total ascorbic acid level both in rabbits and human subjects. These phenomena were interpreted as the result of thyroid gland activation due to excess sodium ion.

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