Training effect was investigated electro-myographically. The subjects used and the muscles studied were the stevedores (heavy and static muscular laboures-M. rectus lemons), a long incumbent patient (M. soleus), and men trained to exercise the auricular muscle. For the controls, laboratory workers (men) were used. The interval diagrams were contructed and the τ-S relations were plotted. Following results were obtained.
1. With regard to the interval diagram, very irregular variation and large u.ndulating fluctuation were seen in the long incumbent. The stevedores showed more steadiness than the control subjects.
2. In all the instances, without exception, the τ-S relation dissolved into the K-and T-groups, indicating that the muscle studied under the above categories are composed of kinetic and tonic NMU.
3. Training (the stevedores and men belong to the third group) caused rightward shifts of the K-and T-curves-the latters showing very distinct shifts.
This rightward displacement increased with longer training.
4. The trained showed longer plateaux (especially of the T-curves) than the less or untrained. But the S-values of the plateaux remained roughly unchanged by training.
5. The long incumbent case showed a leftward shift of K-and T-curves, compared with normal control. Easy appearance of interference voltages in slight augmentation of contraction was remarkable.
6. The recruitment-type discharges were distinctly noticiable with the stevedores, but were less so with the control subjects and hardly perceptible with the incumbent.
In general, the training for heavy and static effort or a newly acquired movement in the unused muscle brings a change in the neural mechanism, so as to effect the smoothness of muscular contraction, in which the tonic element becomes highly employed. Conversely, total lack of exercise ensues in a definite inactivity of the tonic element, resulting in an enevenness of movement.

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1. Maxwell's spot has been investigated by means of Motokawa's method of electrostimulation of the eye in comparison with sensory structures of the spot.
2. It was shown that the extent and the inner structure concerning colouration of Maxwell's spot were determined by the spatial distribution of the red and the blue processes which were elicited by exploring light from a purple filter, Wratten no. 2389.
3. Protanopes perceived Maxwell's spot and in agreement with this, the distribution of the retinal processes in the fovea and thereabout was shown to be uneven.
4. On the contrary, deuteranopes could not perceive any Maxwell's spot, and their retinal processes were found to be distributed uniformly in the fovea.
5. Based upon these findings and other anatomical data, the widely believed hypothesis that Maxwell's spot is due to selective absorption of blue light by macular pigment was rejected, and instead, Walls' new hypothesis of non-uniform distribution of receptor types was accepted.

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Effects of ethylurethane, phenobarbital, chloralose and morphine on the survival of rats in 145 mm Hg (altitude of about 12km.) were studied at 8° to 20°C.
1. The mean survival time of control rats and the confidence limit was 1.9±1.6min.(P=0.001).
2. The survival time of rats administered with ethylurethane, 0.05 to 1.0g/kg., was prolonged; over 60min. in the majority of cases.
3. The survival time of rats administered with phenobarbital, 0.05 to 0.2g/kg., was similarly prolonged, though accompanied with a certain inhibition of respiration.
4. With chloralose (0.1g/kg.), half of the rats survived over 30 min. Respiration was strongly inhibited.
5. With morphine, no increased survival was observed.

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1) Exogenous posterior-pituitary hormone has an inhibitory effect on the release of ACTH provoked by epinephrine, histamine and cold.
2) Vasopressor fraction in the posterior-pituitary hormone has this effect, but oxytocic fraction has not.
3) Exogenous pitressin can not inhibit depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid following the administration of ACTH.
4) 5mu. of pitressin per 100g. body weight has no inhibitory effect on the release of ACTH.
5) A large amount of pitressin, more than 60mu. per 100g. body weight, causes a decrease in adrenal ascorbic acid. However, 0.02mg. of epinephrine per 100g. body weight of rats successively administered does not produce further depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid.
6) Even a large dose of pitressin can not cause any reduction of adrenal ascorbic acid concentration in hypophysectomized rats.

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For estimation of the increase in glycolysis of sweat glands by adrenaline, carbon dioxide output of skin slices was determined by means of the Warburg manometer. Glycolytic activity seems to be augmented more strongly in apocrine glands than in eccrine glands. Apocrine glands respond more readily to adrenaline than to pilocarpine.

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By using Sugi's insulation method, the influences of several anions (particularly ATP, Pyro-and Or tho-phosphate) upon the contraction of living frog's muscle induced by electric stimulation, were studied.
The remarkable effects of ATP upon the contraction of living muscle were not specific to ATP. The intermediation effect of Ach between ATP and living muscle could not be recognized, at least under this experimental condition.
The site of action of ATP and the mechanism of the change of contraction curve by ATP were discussed.

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1) When the action potential was led off from both end pools in a section box with two septa, each septum caused one diphasic action potentials respectively. This, the time interval between these two potentials and the distance between the two septa were measured for the calculation of conduction velocity.
2) On the toad's sartorius muscle, the conduction velocity of fibrillary twitchings (BFT), is 1.9 rn/sec. on an average in the spring toad, and is equal to that of a normal twitch.
3) The velocity varied widely with the season, e.g. in summer was 2.9 m/sec. at 20°C. of water temperature and in winter 1.36 m/sec. at 20°C. But the rate of increase of velocity against surrounding temperature was constant for all seasons.
4) The velocity is slower at both tapering ends, and also in a vinyl pipe. By extending the muscle, the conduction time per a interseptal distance remains unchanged ; therefore that between two points of the muscle itself is increased, and it was found that about a 40% increase in muscle length was accompanied by about a 30% decrease in velocity.
5) KCl, BaCl₂ and acetylcholine increase the velocity of BFT, but CaCl₂, SrCl₂ and MgCl₂ decrease it. When the velocity is slowed to less than half the normal value, the impulses of BFT are blocked.

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The relation between stimulus and visual sensation was studied with special reference to the endurance of the latter.
1) The duration from the beginning of the primary sensation to the end of the negative after-image was always about 520 msec. while duration of light stimulus varied from 4.0 to 220 msec. in the state ofdark adaptation and dark surrounding field. This duration was also not affected by intensity of stimulus.
2) The primary sensation lasted 77 msec. with light stimulus lasting from 4.0 to 150 msec.
3) The primary sensation was prolonged stepwise progressively when light stimulus lasted over 155 msec. The duration of the former was approximately half the final length of stimulus.
4) The primary sensation was also prolonged when light stimulus was very weak. This appears not to be due to summation, but have some relation to negative after-image.

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The electrical resistance of the human epidermis was measured with a minute electrode with the purpose to study the water distribution in it.
When the electrode was placed over the skin, the resistance was much smaller on sweat pores especially when they discharge sweat.
When the electrode was gradually inserted into the epidermis, no marked change in resistance was found in the outermost layer, followed by a thin layer where slight fall in resistance began to occur. On further introduction, the resistance fell suddenly.
The layer where the resistance fell suddenly was situated at a depth of about 350 μ in the palm, 170 μ in the nail mantle and 50μ in the forearm, reckoned from the skin surface.

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(1) The shapes of the erythrocytes of vertebrates are in general represented. by the Cassinian oval, the expression (_x²+y²+a²) ²-4a²x²=c⁴; in the case of biconcave discoidal erythrocytes, (x²+y²+z²+a²) ²-4a² (x²+z²)=where √2a>c>a; in the case of elliptical erythrocytes under the microscope, the projective shape is represented by (x²+y²+a²) ²-4a²x²=c⁴, where c≤√2a.
(2) The lemniscate is a very close approximation to the shape of a bicon cave discoidal erythrocyte.
(3) The erythrocyte of a vertebrate changes its shape phylogenetically to the direction of increasing the ratio a/c in the Cassinian oval.
(4) The relation between the years since vertebrates have been generated on the earth and the ratio a/c in the Cassinian oval is nearly linear.

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Employing nerve preparations bathed in Ringer solution, the conduction velocity of a selected single myelinated fibre was measured in two cases, that is, when excited alone or together with other fibres.
In most of the experiments, the conduction time appeared larger when excited together than when excited alone. The difference obtained for a conduc tion distance of about 12cm. ranged from 0.13 to 1.58 msec. at room temperature 8-19°C. In few examples, the results were reverse or there was no change.
The velocity change was reasonably explained in terms of electrical interaction between nerve fibres; it was thus made probable that an interaction can take place between myelinated nerve fibres in situ.

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By using single-fibre, multi-fibre and nerve trunk preparations, the phenomena. of interaction which were confirmed to occur under nearly physiological conditions in the previous report, were reconfirmed.
The conduction rate in a single myelinated fibre in a spinal nerve was found to be mostly lessened by repetitive conditioning of adjacent spinal nerves. The experiments on myelinated multi-fibre preparations yielded results essentially con-sistent, but smaller in grade, with those obtained in Part I. In case nerve trunks were used, no appreciable change was observed as regards the velocity insofar as examined under usual conditions, but an application of high resistent fluids together with a low temperature brought about a significant decrease in velocity.
The mechanism and implications of interaction were discussed.

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The present authors investigated the effect of CO₂ on human mental performance, critical fusion frequency of flicker, and hearing. In view of the results obtained, we conclude as follows:
1. The critical concentration of CO₂ to maintain the above stated functions almost unaltered for a long period is safely regarded as 4%. But 5% CO₂ shows practically no appreciable effect upon them for 2-3 hours. Subjective complaints due to the CO2 inhalation also appear above 5%.
2. This critical concentration coincides with that, in which steep rise of alveolar pCO₂ and remarkable respiratory acidosis begin to occur, and functions under bulbar or hypothalamic control (respiration, heart rate, vasomotor or sweating response) start with acceleration. It seems allowable, therefore, to ascribe the narcotic action of CO₂ to its effects exerted on nervous elements in general such as investigated by Lorente de Nó, and to be either narcotic for cortical centres or excitatory for subcortical ones, corresponding to their respective characteristics in formation of synaptic circuit.
3. Above 6%, its narcotic effect on mental performance or sensory functions and subjective symptoms become distinct. Concerning the mode of its action, Clark's formulation seems applicable for the effect-concentration relationship and an expression of Harber's type for the concentration-time relation.
4. It seems probable that not only the elevated pCO₂ due to CO₂ inhalation, but also magnitude of dpCO₂/dt affects the cortical functions, even though only transiently.

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The direction of winding and the regularities in form and arrangement of the intraepidermal portion of the eccrine sweat ducts were studied in horizontal skin slices.
Right-handed spirals definitely prevailed over left-handed and deformed. spirals in the sweat ducts in the skin on the pad of fingers and toes of 28 Japa-nese and 3 whites regardless of sex and side of the body. The predominance of right-handed spirals was shown to hold in the other regions of the palmar and plantar skin and, though to a lesser extent, in the general body skin.
The sweat ducts in the skin on the volar surface of the hand and foot were in the form of fairly regular cylindrical spirals. In a small area of the skin, their girth and pitch were fairly constant and their axes were nearly parallel to each other and, therefore, inclined toward the skin surface with an approximately uniform angle. The sweat ducts in the eponychium were shaped like straightened spirals, wound oftener right-handedly.

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1. The fibre length y which can be excited by an action length x was calculated. The chief results obtained were as follows:
1) l>x: y=0, l: a small definite length
2) l<x<L: y<x, L: another definite length larger than l
3) L<x<M: y>x, M: another definite length larger than L
4) x>M: y<x,
2. Standing on the above results, it was argued that there can arise fivetypes of conduction with regard to action length, action current and conductionvelocity, as follows:
1) Local graded response (no conduction),
2) Local graded conduction (decremental),
3) Constant conduction,
4) Incremental-constant conduction,
5) Decremental-constant conduction.
3. The length, L, was defined as the minimal length necessary for initiationof impulse. Based on this, it was stressed that conduction is, in essence, fromlength to length, although apparently from point to point or continuous.
4. The following phenomena of conduction were explained from y-x-relationabove stated:
1) Local graded responses and conduction,
2) Conduction in narcotized region (decremental-constant, decremental orlocal),
3) Larger velocity in higher temperature,
4) Dependence of velocity upon stimulation intensity and distance travelled,
5) Larger velocity of thicker fibres,
6) Larger velocity under cathode and smaller velocity under anode.
5. Several excitation laws obtained with conducted impulses as index, wereinterpreted as those for just exciting the length, L, and from this view-point, some well-known excitation phenomena were explained:
1) Appearance of rheobase and “Hauptnutzzeit.”
2) Appearance of the minimal gradient of the linearly increasing current.
3) Phenomena in stimulation with exponentially increasing current.
4) Repetitive responses to strong, long-lasting constant current.
5) Excitability change under electrotonus.
6) Interrelation among electrode distance, applied voltage and length constantat bipolar stimulation.
7) Latency of the action potential.
6. Evaluation of the length, L, was attempted. It appeared to be of theorder of 1-100μ.
7. Discussions were made on the following thema:
1) Interpretation of the local response.
2) Excitation laws in general.
3) All-or-nothing principle.
4) “Accommodation”.
5) Fundamental unit length of action.
8. It was stressed that the laws of local excitation and of conducted impulseshould be worked out separately.

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1) Without ATP, the extensibility of glycerinated muscle fiber increasessuddenly when temperature rises over 30°C.
2) This fact supports the assertion that the associating reaction of actinand myosin is exothermic.
3) The physical meaning of extension and its structural mechanism werediscussed.

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Isolated corneas were investigated with both parallel and convergent polarized light.
The cornea is composed of radially arranged fibers.
The interference figure obtained at the periphery is biaxial ; the Z-axis is at right angles to the fiber direction, the Y-axis is parallel thereto, and the Xaxis is normal to the plane of cornea ; the X-axis coincides with the acute bisectrix, therefore, the sign is negative.
In the central region, the interference figure is uniaxial. A change in optic angle is discussed in terms of the arrangement of the fibers.
The Z-axis rotates to the direction of the force when stretched, but the X-axis remains unchanged.
The effect of temperature on the elastic force of a stretched cornea at constant length has been investigated.
At slight and intermediate elongations, the temperature coefficient of the elastic force is positive, and the tangent drawn to the curve representing force as a function of the absolute temperature makes a negative intercept on the K (force)-axis. From these data, it may be concluded:
(a) The cornea consists of flexible, long chain molecules, the arrangement of which becomes more ordered and less probable on stretching. Thermal motion tends to provoke a return to the original state;
(b) Latent heat is set free during stretching and may be considered as a sort of heat of crystallization.
These results indicate that a corneal lamella is a sheet of two-dimensional network composed of radially arranged long chain molecules, some of which are aggregated together to form micelles, whose long axis is at right angles to the fiber. The reversible cloudiness caused by an excess pressure may be considered as due to a sort of crystallization.

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By the thermal analysis of reaction velocity, the catalytic decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide solution by blood catalase (red cell suspension and hemolysate) has been studied, especially the effect of the hydrogen peroxide concentration and that of the blood catalase concentration, with the effect of temperatures (20°-40°C.), and the reaction process was discussed from the standpoint of the adsorption theory and thediffusion theory. The results obtained are asfollows.
(1) It has beenfound that the reaction proceeds generally in threestages: the initial stage, the steady stage, and the retarded stage. The duration of the initial stage is practically independent of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and is nearly in inverse proportion to the concentration of the blood catalase. The steady stage, which is the main part of reaction, is of the first order with respect to hydrogen peroxide, and the reaction velocity constant is proportional to the concentration of the red cell suspension and of the hemolysate.pH6.8; in the case of hemolysate caused by distilled water alone, however, it is nearly proportional to the power 1.3 of its concentration.
(2) The reaction proceeds according to theequations: dx/dt=k¹ae^-k₁t-Be^-kt at its initial and steady stages, and dx/dt=ka-x√t at its retarded stage.
(3) The activity of hemolysate, that is, the velocity constantof the first order reaction, k₁, decreases with the time, t', in which the hemolysate was left to stand in the definite temperature. The relation between k₁, and√t' is represented by thefollowing expression:
logk₁=ε√t'+logk₁
in which K₁ is an activity where t'=0.ΙεΙ increases with rising temperature.ΙεΙ is decreased as the concentration of hemolysate is decreased, and, between the two, the linear relation is found. In the case of red cell suspension, spontaneous deactivation is not found.
(4) The apparent activation energy was found to be 7.18 Cal. in the case of red cell suspension, and 13.9 Cal. in the case of hemolysate.

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It was demonstrated that ascorbic acid could exert a marked glyconeogenic effect, comparable to that of cortisone, in rabbits under hypoinsulinism.

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1. The method of collecting the splenic lymph of dogs is explained, by which the flow and protein content are measured.
2. The flow volume of the splenic lymph is very small and ranges from 0.002 cc. to 0.009 cc. per minute.
3. The protein content is relatively higher, ranking to next the liver lymph, corresponding to 52-72 per cent of serum. A greater quantity of hemoglobin is contained in the splenic lymph even when collected under the best conditions.
4. Time required for dyes to pass from the blood into the splenic lymph is increased with an increase in the molecular weight of the substance. The dye concentration in the splenic lymph ranks under that of the liver lymph.
5. A hemolytic substance of high activity is contained in the splenic lymph. Hemolytic actitivity is inhibited by hemoglobin and accelerated by incubation (at 56°C, for 30 minutes). The lymph dervied from other sources contained a hemolytic substance, whose activity is lower than that of the splenic lymph.

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The development of vital capacity, maximum breathing capacity, and maximum breathing rate were studied in Japanese children and adolescents. They were males and females, ages 8 to 16, living in an urban area. In all ages examined, the vital capacity and maximum breathing capacity per square meter of body surface were remarkably larger in males than in females. The maximum breathing rate was similar in both sexes until the age of 10. After that period, however, it increased rapidly within a couple of years in boys, whereas it remained or even decreased in girls. The results were compared to those reported in the United States.

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1) Applying several test solutions (isotonic NaCl, NaCl, Ringer's solution containing 1.25 times concentrated NaCl, isotonic NaCl KCl, isotonic NaCl +CaCl2, isotonic NaCl+Saccharose, isotonic LiCl, 1% LiC1l) the changes of the threshold and the latency at single nodes of Ranvier of isolated nerve fibre of toad were measured and compared with those obtained with Ringer's solution.
2) The threshold decreased remarkably, even to one half or to one third, when the sodium was in excess and concurrently both potassium and calcium were absent in the external medium. The latency was prolonged exceedingly, even to 2-6 times, when the external sodium was in excess and calcium was absent at the same time.
3) Lithium could not be a substitute for sodium as far as the threshold and the latency were concerned.
4) The differences in properties of the action current, the threshold and the length of the latency were discussed and attributed to different processes supposed to underly each of them. The sodium hypothesis was criticized from this aspect.

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(1) The tension and shortening relation was investigated for a single fiber of the sartorius muscle of the toad by means of RCA 5734 and the phototube mechanograph.
(2) When the initial length is not changed and the equivalent mass is adjusted accordng to the cross section of the muscle, the amount of the initial shortening of a single fiber is found to be the same as that of the whole muscle.
(3) A dual hypothesis was advanced to account for all the observed results from the whole muscle and single fiber. The hypothesis is based on the assumption of the existence of the rapid and slow element in the fiber.

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The present authors described a new method of recording the P-F diagram. of each cardiac cycle on an intact peripheral artery. The patterns obtained by this method were almost constant under constant circulatory conditions and bore a striking similarity to those constructed from the results of previous workers. In this connexion, some considerations on the fidelity of an electromagnetic flowmeter have been given. The carotid and femoral patterns under normal conditions differ from each other, suggesting haemodynamical characteristics of respective arterial trees. It has also been illustrated that the effect of vasoconstriction or vasodilation produced by vasomotor drugs upon haemodynamics of peripheal circulation could readily be followed up by this method and increase or decrease in peripheral resistance would cause enhancement or diminution of the D V-E component or those of phase shift between P and F.

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Using a fair number of adult females (at different stages of menstruation and oophorectomization) and males (normal and castrated), the action of sexual and other hormones was investigated electro-myographically. M. bulbocavernosus and obliquus abdominis were employed. Beside those, certain efforts were. made to trace the site of the sex-hormonal action.
1. In the normal female, M. bulb. showed a weak cyclic change, simultaneously with the menstruation cycle-eakening or vanishing of the electrical discharge during bleeding, and a few days before and after this perid. The muscle responded to ‘anti-bearing down effort’ with quickened discharges.
2. Inhibitory action of progesterone was domonstrated on M. bulb. The intravenous administration seemed to be quicker in action and less durable than the intramuscular. These were seen in both muscles.
3. The depressive action of chorionic gonadotrophin and the enhancing influence of serum gonadotrophin were demonstrated.
4. Cortisone showed an enchancing action on M. bulb. and the abdominal muscle, but desoxycorticosterone had no such effect.
5. The action of oxytocin was transitory and very peculiar. To the abdominal muscle it gave an enhacement effect, while to M. bulb. a definitedepressive. The other hormone of the posterior lobe of pituitary body, vasopressin, reacted upon both muscles with a transitory and rather weak enhancement.
6. A thyroid gland extract showed a temporary enhancement in M. bulb., but on the abdominal muscle a weak increase or often none.
7. A salivary gland extract had fairly durable enhancing influences on the two muscles.
8. Adrenaline or thymus extract seemed to have very little to do with the muscles.
9. Bromvaleryl urea, chloral hydrate and morhpine were found to be unable to change the discharge pattern of the abdominal muscle. Sodium isoamylethylbarbiturate and sodium phenobarbiturate showed specific preference to the female subjects, reducing the discharge activities of both muscles. Testosterone or estradiol acted inhibitorily against the bariturate action.
10. In the animal experiments, the sexual hormones were shown to be reactive on the whole field of nervous system below mesencephalon (the more higher parts being not investigated), but less so on the peripheral.
General discussions are given with regard to the hormonal environment of the body and the antagonisms between the hormones.

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Employing Matthews' toe-muscle-and-nerve preparation as the material, observations were made on the afferent impulses fired off from the muscle spindle and impinging upon a narcotized region of the nerve trunk. Chloretone vapour was used as narcotic. By a pair of electrodes placed at proper distances from the distal and proximal ends of the narcotized, region, the impulses could be led off in diphasic or monophasic shape according to whether they passed through the narcotized region or not. The impulses were observed and recorded by means of a Braun-tube and an electromagnetic oscillograph respectively. The results obtained are as follows:
1) There appeared a ‘period of intermittent conduction (p. i. c.)’ before a complete block was reached.
2) The p.i.c. appeared earlier when repetitive impulses were sent into the nerve to pass through the narcotized region.
3) The intermittent conduction in the initial period appeared earlier and lasted longer than that in the later period.
4) The lower the frequency, the easier the passage of impulses.
5) Generally, repetitive impulses sent into the nerve make the passage of impulses gradually difficult. Blocked impulses, too, appear to have the same effect, although little.
6) The intermittent conduction in the initial period is comparable, though not exactly, with the similar fact observed by others in the case of high frequency, whereas the intermittent conduction in the later period or in the resting discharge is characterized by very low frequencies and by alternative grouping of passed and blocked impulses. This fact can not be understood from the concept of least interval.
7) As for the reasons for intermittent conduction, in general, the author supposed a) prolongation of the least interval by narcosis and b) narcosis-promoting effect of impulses. The former may be the primary factor in the initial period (a period of high frequency and of weak b)-effect just mentioned), and the latter, in the later period (a period of low frequency and of strong b)-effect).
8) The existense of the p.i. c. was interpreted as a cause of the gradual decay of sensation in block anesthesia.

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Effects of some common cations on electroretinogram (ERG) were studied using the isolated retina of the Japanese toad.
1. The isolated retina could be maintained in good condition for several hours, if preserved half immersed in Ringer's. Ringer's was a favorable substituting fluid for the retina.
2. The presence of Na⁺ was indispensable for both a-and b-wave of ERG. But b-wave was far more susceptible to the lack of Na⁺ in the medium. When the retina was immersed in an isotonic glucose solution, b-wave disappeared and only the negative component remained.
3. The amplitude of this isolated negative component was found to increase if Na⁺ was added to the bathing fluid. This was shown very clearly if reappearance of b-wave was avoided by adding a suitable amount of aspartic acid to the bathing fluid. Aspartic acid was found to have a very strong and specific depressant action on b-wave of ERG.
4. K⁺ had a depressing effect on b-wave of ERG, but it seemed to have no augmentative effect on negative component.
5. Methods of eliminating b-wave from ERG and some properties of the thus isolated negative component were discussed.

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1) Under a wide range of KCl concentration, the behavior of glycerinated muscle fiber was studied, and compared with that of the actomyosin solution.
2) Between the behaviors of the two materials, good correspondences were observed in reference to KCl concentration.
3) On the basis of 1) and 2), the molecular mechanism of muscular contraction and relaxation was discussed.

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Hypothalamic electrical activities were observed as follows;
1) The injection of epinephrine and histamine evoked increased electrical activity in the posterior hypothalamus.
2) Electrical activity in the supraoptic region showed a transient increase and decrease with intracarotid injections of hypertonic NaCl solution and water respectively.
Normal saline or 2 per cent urea solution had no effect.
3) Pituitrin had nothing to do with hypothalamic electrical activity.
The results were discussed in connection with the secretion of pituitary hormone.

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(1) A study on the respiration of the isolated outersegment of rod separated from toad's retina was made by means of the Warburg apparatus.
(2) In the dark condition, the Qo₂ of isolated outersegment reveals a high value about-30μl. at 26°C.
(3) The oxygen consumption rate is inhibited remarkably following illumination (25 or 550 lux white light).
(4) Effects of bright white light and temperaturebefore the measurement have been examined.
(5) Effects of some inhibitors on the respiration of the outersegment have been discussed.

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All the experiments were performed on rabbits.
1. When γ-aminobutyric acid was injected intravenously, it caused a fall of blood pressure and some changes in respiration.
The thresholdal dose of γ-aminobutyric acid affecting blood pressure was less than 70 γ/kg. of body weight.
The effect of γ-aminobutyric acid on blood pressure increased linearly with the logarithm of its concentration. But, in very high concentrations, its effect decreased.
The optimal dose was 8-12 mg/kg. of body weight.
2.β-alanine and δ-aminovaleric acid also caused fall of blood pressure. But, their thresholdal doses were much larger than those of γ-aminobutyric acid.
ε-aminocaproic acid had only a slight effect and α-amino acids no effect on blood pressure.
Glutamate always caused a rise of blood pressure.
3. It was concluded that the depressive action of γ-aminobutyric acid on blood pressure is due to an optimal distance between the amino group and carboxylic group.

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1) The effect of electrodes of a long polarization on the time-factor as well intensity-factor in electric excitation was examined. First the i-t-relation in normal condition was measured. Then three i-t-relations were measured in a certain order after onset of the polarization, and from transition of changes suffered by the relations the effect aimed at was deduced.
2) The normal i-t-relation satisfies the Weiss' formula. The relation follows also the formula during the polarization with its constants for the time-factor and intensity-factor varying with time of the polarization.
3) By the cathodal polarization the rheobase increases and the chronaxie decreases and by the anodal vice versa. The changes occur almost exponentially and their magnitude grows proportionately to the voltage of polarization.
4) Under low temperature the effect of cathodal polarization on both the rheobase and chronaxie is weakened and that of anodal strengthened. All the findings under 3) and 4) agree well with Suzuki's classification of environmental conditions into two counteracting groups.

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1) A method to prepare a pure suspension of outersegments of rods is described.
2) The wave-length of maximum absorption of suspension of outersegments of rods lies at 500mμ.
3) The difference spectrum of the photosensitive pigment in suspension of outersegments of rods is the same as that of rhodopsin in solution.

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In order to clarify the relationships between actomyosin formation and temperature, the viscosity changes of actomyosin were studied under various temperatures. At the same time, the solubility of superprecipitated actomyosin in various KCl solutions was measured under different temperatures. The results were as follows:
1) Actin, myosin and actomyosin all showed negative temperature coefficients for their viscosity.
2) Actomyosin showed no spontaneous dissociation at low temperature.
3) The viscosity response of actomyosin caused by the addition of ATP was most intense at 0°C, becoming gradually less intense as temperature rose.
4) While the splitting time and the course of the recovery phase were prolonged at low temperature, they were shortened at high temperature.
5) Superprecipitated actomyosin was dissolved above 0.4 M KCl solution both at 0°C. and at 25°C.
6) From the above mentioned observations, it was considered that the reaction of actomyosin formation is exothermic.

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1) The data by Varga, who observed the relationship between ATP contraction of glycerinated muscle fiber and temperature, was studied and re-assessed by the present authors.
2) The extension-temperature curve reported by Szent-Györgyi was confirmed by a different method in which the ATP-contracted fiber was extended by pyrophosphate under various temperatures.
3) The relationship between ATPase activity and the degree of superprecipitation depending on temperature was studied. Close parallelism can be found between them under low temperature range, but, under high temperature range, they show different tendencies independently.
4) The opinion of A. Szent-Györgyi, concerned with the explanation of Varga's data was criticized, and a new interpretation on the mechanism of contraction of muscle was considered from the data of the present experiments.

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1) Standing on the experimental facts stated in the two immediately preceding papers of this series, a “steady state cycle” was proposed as a mechanism of muscular contraction.
2) The practical substance of the “steady state cycle” in actomyosin system was illustrated.
3) It is exhibited that many phenomena in living or model muscle can be explained advantageously by the present mechanism.
4) The further development of the present idea was discussed.

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The action of heparin and heparinoid substance (sulfated chitosan) on the cholesterol-fed rabbit serum was as follows:
1. An increase of the S_f 30-70 component and a decrease of the S_f<30 component.
2. An increase of albumin and β2-globulin and a decrease of α1-, α2-, β1-and γ-globulins in serum
3. An increase of α1-, α2-and post-r-globulin lipid and a decrease of β1-, β2-and γ-globulin lipids in serum.
4. An increase of α1-and γ-globulin, and a decrease of α2-, β1-and β2-globulins in isolated lipoprotein.
5. A decrease of β1-, β2-and β-globulin lipids and an increase of post-β-globulin lipids in isolated lipoprotein.
6. Slight atheroma was found on the aorta and aorta valves.
Heparin and heparinoid substance administration protect against atheroma and suppress the rate of development of a theroma.

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Protein solutions were irradiated with doses (105⁵-10⁵r) of gamma-ray from Co⁶⁰.
1. The peaks of gamma-and beta-globulin begin to approach as the dose increases and make only one peak which lies in the middle of two fractions.
2. When the concentration of oxygen present in protein solution is very low, irradiation causes no denaturation of protein.
3. The oxygen concentration in solution shows a marked decrease after irradiation as compared with that before irradiation.
4. The mechanism of protein denaturation produced by irradiation and the role of oxygen were discussed.

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During alternating current passage through the middle part of a nerve, one single stimulus on one side will evoke successive excitations in the a.c. region, if the a.c. voltage is as high as the coupling threshold, and both reflective and orthodromic impulses may be observed.
1) The existence of the reflective coupling effect was proved in an individual nerve fiber.
2) The conduction time calculated from experimental results is proportional to the distance between the point of stimulation and the a.c. region almost within a range of a half-period of the alternating current.
3) The time interval between the 2nd and 3rd spikes is almost equal to one period of the alternating current, when the frequency is low.
4) The orthodromic retardation time seems to be mostly larger than the reflective retardation time.

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On the GSR curves obtained by the current method, the influences of the strength of electric current and of local skin temperature and their regional differences over the body were investigated by means of electromagnetic oscillograph (Vibrator F). As for the GSR curves obtained by the potential method, the wave forms were studied using an 8-channel electroencephalograph. Experiments were carried out both on men and cats in the summer season.
1) The GSR curves recorded by the current method showed increase in amplitude, reduction in latent time and prolongation in top-time with increase of the electric current in the circuit.
2) The summation curves gotten by the current method which were induced by stimulation of the hypothalamus or of the lumbar ganglia were very high and top-headed. They showed a conspicuous contrast to the not so high, flattopped potential curves induced in the same way by the Richter et al. and Patton.
3) It was demonstrated that local skin temperature could change remarkably the latent time and top-time of GSR curves and could control even the appearance of GSR.
4) As for the regional differences of GSR curves, it was ascertained that the GSR of the palm differed essentially from that of the back of hand at least in three experimental results.
5) After elaborate investigations, it has been concluded that bi-or triphasic potential curves can actually appear from the palm, and that such wave forms are influenced distinctly by local skin temperature.

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In case of equine infectious anemia and of rabbits inoculated with vaccine virus, a pyrogenic substance appeared in plasma of the diseased animals which had suffered from fever fit, only after the fever fit was over and it disappeared in a week. Several properties of the substance were investigated and then it was determined that the substance is a protein.
The existence of a growth-promoting substance in the serum of a normal horse and of a horse infected with equine infectiousanemia was reported. A. discussion was presented also on the subject of how the authors' pyrogenic sub-stance is connected with the mechanism of febrility in virus diseases.

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To obtain motor and sleep responses in unanesthetized guinea pigs and cats, stimuli must be applied repeatedly with an adequate frequency and for a sufficient time. By using repetitive pulse stimulation, the time factor in excitability of the brain has been studied on the turning movement of the head, and the same method has been applied to seizure and sleep responses. This seems to be a reliable test for the excitability, especially in those cases where the chronaxie measurement can not be actually adopted.
1. The threshlod currents in turning movement of the head, lapping, and crying have been observed at the frequency of 10 to 50 cycles/sec., and the pulses of 0.5 to 20 msec. The strength-pulse duration (I-t) curves were plotted and discussed on the turning movement.
2. The time factor in excitability “EX2R” was defined as the pulse duration of twice the strength of the rheobase which just caused the turning movement. Contra and ipsilaterally turning movements showed a striking difference in EX2R and this method was applied to the anesthetized and post-seizure depression.
3. Seizure thresholds and the minimum currents necessary to induce sleep were obtained at the frequency of 50 cycles/sec. and the pulse of 0.5 to 10 msec. From the I-t curves plotted, EC2R for seizure was 0.3 msec. and ES2R for sleep was 2 to 3 msec. The significance of these findings was discussed in detail.

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The sleep response was induced by the monopolar stimulation applied between the frontal cortex and the eye cornea in cats.
The results were as follows:
1. Sleep response was induced by the prolonged stimulation of alternating and rectangular pulse currents of 50 cycles/sec. The voltages necessary to induce sleep were compared with the alternating and pulse currents at the range of 0.5 to 10 msec. Especially, the pulse current of 5 msec. was adequate for inducing sleep, because of no production of other responses.
2. The steep potential gradient was mapped around the sub-and hypothalamus by monopolar stimulation.
3. The sleep and depressive responses have been differentiated by respiratory and electrophysiological characteristics.

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1. In the control group, the turnover rate of hemoglobin radioiron was higher than the appearance of ferritin radioiron in tissues.
2. In tne early stage of the acute hemolytic anemia group, the turnover rate of hemoglobin radioiron was higher than the control group and disappearance of hemoglobin radioiron also faster.
3. In the acute hemoglotic anemia group, the turnover rate of hemoglobin radioiron was also higher than tissue ferritin radioiron.
4. On the examination of the radioautography control group, it was found in the bone marrow normoblasten and reticulocyten that the blackening area increased successively, and on the contrary in the acute hemolytic anemia group, except at an early stage, the blackened areas could not be found.

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