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2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
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2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
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Article type: Index
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
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Yosuke Egashira
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
617-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
618-
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Shin Fukudo, Toyohiro Hamaguchi, Kumi Nakaya, Jun Tayama, Michiko Kano ...
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
619-623
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is representative disorder to which biopsychosocial model is well adapted. In Rome III critera, IBS is defined by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least 3 days per month in the last 3 months associated with 2 or more of the following : improvement with defecation, onset associated with a change in frequency of stool, and/or onset associated with a change in form (appearance) of stool. Pathophysiology of IBS is characterized by gastrointestinal dysmotility, visceral hypersensitivity, and psychological abnormality. Initially these three factors were considered to be independent but gradually the mutual relationship among them was clarified. This relationship has been conceptualized as brain-gut interactions. Typical manifestation of brain-gut interactions is brain imaging during visceral perception. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a plausible candidate of regulating brain-gut interactions in IBS patients. We showed that peripheral administration of CRH aggravated visceral sensorimotor function as well as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) response in IBS patients. We then administered alpha-helical CRH (ahCRH), a non-selective CRH receptor antagonist to IBS patients and found improvement of colonic hypermotility, abdominal pain, anxiety, and decreased power of alpha wave in electroencephalogram induced by visceral stimulation. Activation of CRH-R1 causes colonic hypermotility, whereas stimulation of CRH-R2 inhibits gastric emptying. CRH likely plays an important role in pathophysiology of IBS.
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Article type: Article
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
624-
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Akio Inui, Akihiro Asakawa
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
625-630
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Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones are well known to be important regulators not only in GI functions but also in feeding behavior. Ghrelin, a motilin-related family of regulatory peptide from the stomach, is the recent addition of this list, which has a charactelistic n-octanoylated serine at position 3. In addition to its ability to stimulate growth hormone (GH) secretion, ghrelin increases appetite and gastric motility/emptying and induces a positive energy balance leading to body weight gain. Ghrelin is a complementary, yet antagonistic, signal to leptin reflecting acute and chronic changes in energy balance, the effects of which are mediated by hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP). Ghrelin induces the fasted pattern of gastroduodenal motility (phase III or hunger contractions) , and the ghrelin-NPY axis is involved in the physiological occurrence of the interdigestive phase III contractions in rodents. On the other hand, desacyl form of ghrelin that accounts for approximately 90% of total circulating ghrelin, decreases food intake and gastric emptying, and disrupts the fasted pattern of gastric motility. Obestatin, a recently identified ghrelin gene product, may also act inhibitory in appetite and GI motility regulation although much more controversial than ghrelin. The findings suggest that ghrelin gene products may differently regulate appetite and gastrointestinal motility through different endocrine/neural pathways along the gut-brain axis.
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Takakazu Oka
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
631-636
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The author reviewed the effects of stress on core body temperature (Tc) in homeotherms. Numerous types of acute stress were shown to induce transient increases in Tc in rats and mice. The mechanisms of stress-induced hyperthermia differ from that of fever, where proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E_2 play crucial roles. In rats that were repeatedly exposed to psychological stress such as communication box stress for weeks, Tc increased to levels higher than that of non-stressed rats in both light and dark phases. In contrast, strong immobilization stress decreased Tc. Based on findings in animal studies, the author discussed the mechanisms of psychogenic fever and anti-pyretic drugs-resistant low-grade fever that developed under stressful conditions in humans.
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Noriyuki Kawamura
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
637-647
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Increased cancer risks are associated with immune suppression and psychosocial factors such as depressive symptoms. Reduced NK cell activity is correlated with psychosocial stresses in cross sectional studies and with increased cancer risks in prospective cohort studies. We have conducted a prospective cohort study in middle aged individuals to elucidate relationships between cancer, immune function and psychosocial factors. Data were obtained from a cohort of 3790 workers, aged 18 to 60 years, beginning in April 1997. At baseline, we measured lymphocyte subpopulations for all participants, and assayed cytokines and NK cytotoxicity for 247 participants. During a 7-year follow-up of this cohort, we identified new cancer cases and attempted to correlate cancer with immune system and psychosocial parameters. After controlling for sex, age, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, marital status, education, body mass index (BMI), physical activity and family history of cancer, the hazard ratio of cancer incidence, relative to the number of memory CD4 + CD45RO+T subpopulations were around 8.0. We have also shown that depressive symptoms increased cancer risk via reduced NK cell activity and Th2 shift (adjusted HR=2.67) and that low self esteem increased cancer risk via reduced NK cell activity (adjusted HR=2.22). Increased cancer risks were found in subjects with reduced immune system function, depressive symptoms and low self esteem. I also reviewed the literatures on the relationship between stress and cancer incidence in this article.
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
648-
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
648-
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Hiroshi Kaneko, Hiroko Yamamoto, Toshihiro Konagaya
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
649-657
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Functional dyspepsia is diagnosed in cases with chronic and recurrent epigastric fullness and/or pain with no evidence of organic diseases. The pathogeneses include gastrointestinal (GI) tract motolity disorder, GI tract hypersensitivity, psycho-social factors, and brain-gut interaction. Good relationship between patient and physician is essential in diagnosis and treatment, and explanation and assurance of the pathogeneses may affect the outcome. Radio-isotope and barostat device are required to evaluate GI tract function precisely, but it seems difficult to utilize these methods due to the drawback aspects of the special equipment, relatively high cost, and invasive nature at primary care setting. We have already reported that simaltanous measurement of gastric emptying and oro-cecal transit time is possible by ^<13>C-labelled octanoic acid and lactose ureide breath test and that total volume ingested of nutrient liquid to induce epigastric bloating may well reflect the accommodation volume by a barostat, suggesting that the breath test and nutrient drinking test should be an alterative easier way to gold standatd for examining the GI functions. Deviated activation of brain region in functional dyspepsia is getting to be detected by the progress of brain imaging technique. Devepment of tests for pathogeneses and groping for easy way have been performed.
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Fujiko Konjiki, Kimiko Kawano, Yukihiro Ago
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
659-669
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Previously, we reported that therapeutic factors of collage work are 1) visualization effects, 2) taking-in effects and 3) verbalization effects. It was assumed that when a subject of collage work therapy is asked to describe thinking and feeling images about 15 years after the therapy, the subject reencounters the previous thinking and feeling images via clipped pictures or photos as a stimulating vehicle, and has a dialogue with the own constructed work. This was termed as internal verbalization. In the present report, an electroencephalographic study was made to clarify the mechanism of internal verbalization in collage work. The subjects consisted of a young group (mean age of 21.1 years) and a middle-old group (mean age of 59.6 years). Each group was classified into Group I of improved with more than 4 factors of POMS and Group II of not-improved (improved with less than 3 factors). For each subject 1) psychological tests and 2) EEG were conducted. The latter test included 8 tasks. In the psychological tests, Group I of the young group showed improvements in 2 factors of POMS ([T-A] and [C]), [A] of TEG and anxiety-mood disorder of GHQ30, whereas Group II of the young group did not exhibit any improvement and worsening. On the other hand, in the psychological tests, Group I of the middle-old group exhibited improvements in 5 factors of POMS ; [T-A], [D], [A-H], [F] and [C] and general morbidity of GHQ 30, whereas Group II showed neither of improvement and worsening. Regarding the number of POMS factors improved, both the young group and the middle-old one showed that the image of young age and that of works were significantly different in Group I (p < 0.05) and Group II (p < 0.01). When the mean amplitude ratio of a -wave (O2/O1) in the right and left occipital lobe was compared, the image thinking type dominant in the right hemisphere was significantly more distinct in Group I than Group II. Also, it seemed that the group improved in POMS factors was more likely to present image thinking type than the not-improved group. On the other hand, the cerebral activities of middle-old group were found to be the verbal type to all 8 tasks and those were dominant in the left hemisphere. These findings suggest that various psychological approaches should be designed for collage work therapy taking consideration of the differences in cerebral activities between the young group and the middle-old one.
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
671-676
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
677-679
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
681-683
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
686-688
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
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2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
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2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
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2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2008 Volume 48 Issue 7 Pages
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