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Article type: Cover
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Index
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Index
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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Noriko Murakami
Article type: Article
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
8-9
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
10-11
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Hitoshi Kasai
Article type: Article
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
12-18
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Autogenic training is a psychophysiological self-regulation method originated from the study of hypnosis by J. H. Schultz, a German neurologist. Nowadays it has been widely applied not only for the treatment method in medical settings, but also for the stress management, health promotion and performance improvement in educational, industrial as well as sports settings. This paper discussed the process of development, the subsequent evolution and the present status of practice and research concerning autogenic training, along with the recent trends in Japan and other major foreign countries. The author suggested that the reexamination of autogenic training from the evidence-based perspective was needed so as to specify further the effectiveness and contraindications at the present time.
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Hideki Matsubara
Article type: Article
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
19-24
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I have been much interested in the reasons why dropouts actually arise even in the fairly early stage of introducing Autogenic Training (AT) to the clients. The causes can be broadly divided into two; the ways for applying AT, and implementation techniques as well as the processes leading to them. Simple and negative sentiments about adopting AT seem to increase when the following things are not clear; what the components of AT are, how the clients were motivated, and what the therapists expected before carrying it out. That is because they fail to judge what type of clients will have more effect, or what part of instruction needs devising. It is also essential to clarify whether or not the clients themselves acknowledge the need of AT and appreciate it after they have some improvement of symptoms. In order for AT to make further progress and to be more devised, all the above should be evaluated and reported specifically in organizing the material for research or the case report. It is thought of as being analogous to the prescription of drugs. The report about the patients' complaint, their lifestyle, criterion to choose the drug, goal of treatment with it, drug dosage, duration of drug exposure, and effect of treatment makes clinical application easier. The same seems to hold for AT. In terms of the implementation techniques and training methods, so many ones of Passive concentration have been developed so far, but in this article I adopted major ones.
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Takakazu Oka, Hisashi Koyama
Article type: Article
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
25-31
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This article reviews the psychophysiological effects of autogenic training (AT). AT reduces negative affect, including anxiety, depressed mood, and anger. AT also positively alters self-cognition and facilitates self-acceptance. During AT practice, several cortical areas are activated such as the postcentral gyrus (an area involved in somatosensory functions) and the prefrontal cortex and insula (areas involved in interoception, emotion, and self-awareness). AT formulas such as "My arms (legs) are heavy", "My arms (legs) are warm", "My breath is calm and regular", and "My heart beats calmly and regularly" may reflect skeletal muscle relaxation, increased peripheral skin temperature, reduced respiratory rate, and reduced heart rate, respectively. AT attenuates the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and also facilitates cardiac vagal function. In contrast, AT inhibits vagal activity innervating the gastrointestinal tract. For example, we demonstrated that AT abolished abnormal esophageal contractions in a patient with diffuse esophageal spasm. We also found that AT reduces fatigue and increases mechanical nociceptive thresholds, resulting in reduced pain sensation.
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Youichi Matsuoka
Article type: Article
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
32-37
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In the treatments of psychosomatic disorders (PSD), various kinds of psychotherapy have been used with medication. Autogenic Training (AT) is considered as one of the basic therapeutic methods. According to previous studies, the effects of AT on PSD resulted in about 60-80% with score. AT was often combined with other therapeutic methods. The combinations of AT and other therapies could be classified into several categories, which are as follows; 1) AT is used as other therapeutic base, 2) AT is used together other therapies to share with their own particular role, 3) therapies are used in order to enhance the similar effect, 4) it is considered as a new therapeutic method that AT integrate with other therapy, 5) AT is used for introduction to another therapies and for separation from others. Finally, "non-indications" and "contraindications" of AT were discussed.
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Shiho Kobayashi, Mutsumi Ashihara
Article type: Article
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
38-44
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Autogenic training (AT) is a well-known treatment for psychosomatic disorders. AT as a group therapy (group AT) has been introduced to cases with anxiety and tension for nearly 20 years in our facility. The purpose of this paper is to examine the features and results of group AT in our facility during the past 15 years, and to consider how to utilize AT in psychosomatic internal medicine from now on. The results were as follows: First, We described the structure of group AT and the effectiveness in our course. When compared our recent study with the past ones, the effectiveness of AT had been the same for 15 years, having no relation to the number of patients. Second, We considered the cases of dropout in the past. We also mentioned points about "motivation", which we think is the most important for AT. Conclusion: To master AT could be as effective as antianxiety or sleep inducing drugs. Therefore we recommend AT as one of the ways to stop taking psychotropic medicine, and wish AT to become more prevalent.
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Naoko Sato, Syusei Minakawa, Shin Fukudo
Article type: Article
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
45-53
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Objectives: Medical professionals are constantly being required to improve their skills in response to advances in medicine. In addition, there needs to be development for cognitive empathy, too. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a cognitive-behavioral scale questionnaire for the support of terminal phase patients for medical professionals. Method: We analyzed data from 502 clinical nurses. In order to assess the construct validity, the nurses were to provide an answer based on a questionnaire from Terminal Phase Patient Support Cognitive-Behavioral Scale, Emotional Empathy Scale and Perspective Taking Scale. The nurses were divided into 6 broad groups on the basis of their generation range and experience. The Terminal Phase Patient Support Cognitive-Behavioral Scale for Medical Professionals compared these 6 groups in respect to the Emotional Empathy Scale and Perspective Taking Scale, after factor analysis. Results: Factor analyses of Terminal Phase Patient Support Cognitive-Behavioral Scale had 17 items and revealed that 2 subscales: Feelings of Inadequacy (Cronbach's alpha=0.81) and Respect for Patient were classified (Cronbach's alpha=0.74). Feelings of Inadequacy (F(5,500)=14.58, p<0.001) and Respect for Patient (F(5,500)=2.96, p<0.01) were significantly related to generation and experience by variance analysis. People with under 6 years of experience had high Feelings of Inadequacy and Respect for Patient, and low Perspective Taking in comparison to other groups. Conclusion: The Terminal Phase Patient Support Cognitive-Behavioral Scale was verified for reliability and validity from the survey of nurse.
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Yuko Yamamiya, Satoshi Shimai
Article type: Article
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
54-63
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Background: The increase in eating disorder cases in Japan is an important social issue. Body dissatisfaction has been studied as one of the major risk factors of eating disorders, and body image is strongly influenced by the media exposure. Therefore, prevention of media exposure effects may be a key to intervene eating problems. Objectives: This study was conducted to develop the Japanese short-version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3, which assesses to what extent individuals internalize media messages and are influenced by them, as well as to establish its reliability and validity. Subjects/Method: In total, 283 female college students whose average age was 19.9 (SD=2.38) and BMI was 20.90kg/m^2 (SD=2.84) were given the SATAQ-3 Japanese version, along with the scales to assess body dissatisfaction, dieting behaviors, drive for thinness, and body comparison. Results: Exploratory factor analysis indicated that SATAQ-3 JS that consisted of 12 items had a four-factor structure. Internal reliabilities of its total and four subscales were all high. Also, it had positive correlations with body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, dieting behaviors, and body comparison measures. Conclusion: SATAQ-3 JS has a high reliability and validity, which is expected to be useful to screen young females who are likely to be adversely influenced by media exposure. Its clinical and practical usefulness is highly plausible. Moreover, this study indicates that the factors related to body image disturbance are significantly intertwined among Japanese females.
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Toshiaki Kita
Article type: Article
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
64-69
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[in Japanese]
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
72-74
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
78-81
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
84-86
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Article type: Appendix
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2012 Volume 52 Issue 1 Pages
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