Problem: When we carry out an action which we do not master, we often experience a seperation of action and surface of action, or an inconcurrence of action intended and action really done. And, in such cases we feel, as if our own bodies-especially hands or legs-lay outside of the limits (region) of our control. Our study intends to research the general characteristics of such a state of action, under a special but compact condition, namely under the torsion of opto-motoric system. Here, we report the preliminary part of experiments.
Arrangement For this purpose a trapezoidal prism is used; by means of it we can get torsions of usual opto-motoric system in various manners. We use four typical cases of such torsions (see Fig. II in the Japanese text). In every cases, subjects (20 men) are instructed to draw a straight line on a Taper from the point o to the other point +, seeing through the prism.
Results: The following is the summary of results obtained from these preliminary experiments.
(1) In most cases, initial movements start on the line of the optical direction of o 4, but the lie of initial movements does not alwayA coincide with the optical lie of initial movements, except few cases of every subject, and then, some start from o towards + and others start opposite to. These facts seem to show that the optical field in these conditions rules the action in respect more of the line of direction of movement than of its lie, and such a character of optical field seems to be more similar to the character of geometrical space than that of dynamical.
(2) We can classify the processes of action which follow the initial movement in three types: namely controlled action (see Fig. V 4 in the Japanese text), searching action (see Fig. V 6 in the Japanese text), and confused action (see Fig. IX 1 in the Japanese text).
The torsions of opto-motoric system, by which the optical direction and the objective direction cross ,each other at right angles and so the visual space and the'manual space' (the space in which the hand moves) in respects of both line of direction and lie differ with each other (see Fig. II b and Fig. II d in the Japanese text), cause confused action more than the torsions of other types by which both fields at least in respect of line of direction coincide with each other (see Fig. II a and c in the Japanese text).
In confused action, movements are fragmentary, trembling, and impulsive, and the surface of action lies outside of field of person.
(3) When the course of movement begins to swerve, the tendency to come back on the 'fictive line' of+ often appears, especially in the fi rst stadium of practice. However, in the course of practice, this tendency becomes more and more weak and at last is replaced by direct movement towards+This seems to show that the force of+grows stronger as the action differentiates. Also the fact that the tendency to come back on the line of+is much more weak in the controlled action than in other actions confirms this interpretation.
(4) We find sometimes confused action break out near the end of controlled action. Conditions of such 'break-out' are not yet clear in these experiments.

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Logically considered simultaneous point of time has no duration, just as a geometrical point is considered as having no duration. Has the phenomenal simultaneity, immediately given in experience, also no duration?
The experiment was performed in a dark room. In our first series of the experiment, a vertical line of light-stimulus (objectively 1 mm wide) was made to move from the left to the right in the field of two rectangular holes (each 60-25 mm in size), the upper one of which was fixed while the lower one (10 mm apart from the upper) was made slidable either to the left or to the right, the distance between the left-edge-position of the lower and the right-edge-position of the upper being measured. Thus, two moving lines of light-stimulus, each 25-1 mm in size, appeared successively. The phenomenal time and space relations between the disappearance of the upper line and the appearance of the lower one were recorded always with regard to the lower.
Results: (1) The phenomenal simultaneity did not always go together with the physical one, and even went inversely sometimes. The phenomenal simultaneity was experienced when there was objectively succession between the disappearance and the appearance. This range of succession we called “the simultaneous region”
(2) The simultaneous region was large (sometimes over ± 100°) or small according to the velocity of the physical movement of the stimulus-line; and with certain high velocity only one simultaneous point was got or none at all, while another sort of simultaneous region was gained, where two still-standing light-rectangles were simultaneously seen. This sort of simultaneity we called the experience of “simultaneous existence.”
(3) The range of the simultaneous region was, in some degree, of in-dividual difference: by 3 cm/sec, for instance, the first type of the distribution extended from about 100° before (-100°) to about 100° after (+100°), the second type, approximately from 100° to 15°, and the last type, from-30° to +100°. Usually, however, the distribution moved toward the “objectively-after” (+) according as the velocity was increased.
Some conditions which had some effect upon the phenomena were looked for in the following series of experirnent.
(A) The two reetnngular holes were so fixed as the left educ of the lower hole always being kept vertically under the right edge of the upper. The two vertical lines of light-stimulus, variously apart from each other, appeared successively-the upper line only in the upper hole and the lower line in the lower hole.
(B) Shortening of the routes (each 60 mm) of the movement, a) by halves (30 mm) b) by 59 mm (1 mm).
(C) Colouring of the two lines. a) red b) greenish-blue.
(D) Reducing of the objective width of the stimuli (0.3 mm).
(E) No fixing of the eyes on the fixation-point.
(F) Transposing of the two holes with one another.
Results: (4) The simultaneous region was wide or narrow according to the width of the light-stimuli.
(5) Shortening of the route of the movement made the simultaneous region draw nearer to the “objectively-after”, and without any longer route than the width of the stimulus itself, “simultaneous existence” was experienced, the region of which extended symmetrically to “the objectively-before” and “the objectively-after.”
(6) Colouring of the stimuli made the simultaneous region more or less small.
(7) Without fixing of the eyes on the fixation-point, the simultaneous region moved toward “the objectively-before.”
(8) Different mental attitudes varied the phenomenal simultaneity in high degree.
Further investigations are required.

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Problem: When a man was impressed by a figure normally presented and after a while the figure was shown to him again turned 180° (upside down) or 90° (sidelong), how would he regard it? Is the recognition possible at all in such a condition? Is this kind of recognition different from the ordinary one? Why does the difference appear? Such are the main problems the auther took up in this study.
Experiment I: In order to get the fundamental data I tried the following experiment. Stimuli were consisted of “meaningless” figures. One series comprised 6 figures. They were cut out of black paper and pasted on the white cards. Apparatus was a diaphragm with an opening (8-8 cm) stood vertical to the surface of a desk, the exposition was limited by a shutter. The 1st exposition (impression) was 3 sec. and the 2nd (recognition) 1 sec. long. The interval between impression and recognition was 3 minutes.
Before the beginning of the 2nd exposition 2 new figures were added to each series. Subjects were divided into 3 groups and the displacements of the figures were executed as follows: n123n 4 q ctogroupA,n 3 n 4 5 6 to group B and n123n 459 to group C. (n shows a new fi gure.)
Results: Most of our figures (87%) could be recognised when they were shown again without any displacement. In the case of displaced (upsidedown and sidelong) exposition, however, the percentage of correct answers reduced remarkablly (35%) and much of the rest (40%) were regarded quite as new as the added figures. But even in this case the recognition was not always impossible as found above. The subjects became aware of the displacements sometime or other in the course of experiment and conseluiently reorganized their mental sets. On the other hand there seems to be some differences between the results of 180°and 90°displacements. The former showed somewhat better results. Besides an impression of stability (or weight) was often reported by many subjects whenthe figure has a horisontal line at the bottom.
Experiment II: Some of those stimuli were exposed invarious positions. Subjects had to describe the phenomenal figure as directly experienced.
Results: By the displacements of the stimuli the phenomenal figure used to change its total impression This change was always unexpected and considerably abrupt. So the transposition of this kind of new phenomenal figure into the old one is the first step of the recognition. The former impression of stability and extinction or substitution of it in later exposition were reported again and again in each displacement.
Experiment III: Three subjects were instructed differently (copying, mere recognition and recognition knowing of the displacement) before tachistoscopic exposition. Each series of the stimuli was shown two times without interval. Some of them were displaced in the second exposition.
Results: To recognize the displaced figure, there must be the exisitence of a definite attitude which is determined by the present situation, and which can be distinguished from that of mere recognition. (Exper. IV, V are olnitted in this abstract.)
Experiment VI: Such a figure as Fig. 8 (II, 4) (see Japanese text p.633) was exposed tachistoscopically and subjects were required to copy it. The first exposition was made in one position, then after a week or so the next exposition took place in the other position. Thus 4 expositions in 4 positions were performed. The sublects seldom became aware of that they had copied the same stimulus in the changed position every time.
Resnlts: A and B(or C and D)parts of the figure were drawn on the same straight line only when the parts were given at the bottom horizontally. In the other positions, vertical at the left or right or horizontal at the top, they were drawn on two different lines.

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