巻号一覧
74 巻, 4 号
選択された号の論文の9件中1～9を表示しています
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吉本 美穂2003 年 74 巻 4 号 p. 313-319
発行日: 2003/10/25
公開日: 2010/07/16
ジャーナル フリーThis study systematically investigated the relationship between the lightness filling-in of the test field and the clarity of illusory contours. The Munsell values of pacmen were N2.5, N3.5, N4.5, N5.5, N6.5 and N7.5, and those of the test field were N3.0, N4.0, N5.0, N6.0 and N7.0, respectively. Seventeen subjects (age: 20-28 yr.) observed 35 stimuli including five control stimuli. The lightness filling-in of the test field increased as the difference in brightness between the test field and pacmen decreased. On the contrary, the clarity of illusory contours decreased as the difference decreased. These results suggest that the lightness filling-in and the clarity of illusory contours have different roots.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1288K) -
稲葉 緑, 大平 英樹2003 年 74 巻 4 号 p. 320-326
発行日: 2003/10/25
公開日: 2010/07/16
ジャーナル フリーIt has been argued that the selective attention characteristic of trait anxiety does not significantly influence on memory. However, attention to stimuli is considered to accelerate memory performance of the stimuli in general, The present study examined whether the selective attention due to emotional valences could reflect on recognition memory in individuals with high anxiety. In the encoding phase, a set of pairs of emotional and neutral words was presented. The duration of presentation of stimuli was manipulated in two conditions (1300ms vs. 2000ms). There was no difference in responses for stimuli between with positive and with negative valences. In the short-presentation condition, compared to the control group, the high-anxious group demonstrated greater discrimination for emotional (positive and negative) stimuli relative than for neutral ones. Their false alarm rate, on the other hand, was consistently higher than the subjects in the low-anxious group. Results in the present study suggested that selective attention that the high-anxious subjects allocated to emotional stimuli could influence performance of recognition of those stimuli.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1478K) -
ジレンマ課題と友情概念の検討平井 美佳, 高橋 惠子2003 年 74 巻 4 号 p. 327-335
発行日: 2003/10/25
公開日: 2010/07/16
ジャーナル フリーThis study examined how Japanese children resolve a conflict between their best friend and a newly-arrived transfer student; and whether their concepts of friendship and promise developed as those of Western children. A total of 125 children and college students, seven to 24 year old, of both genders were individually asked to report their moral understanding of friendship in a semi-structured interview. A Selman-type friendship dilemma of positing a conflict between a newcomer and their best friend was used. As expected, the average developmental stages scores, indicating understanding of the meaning of “friend” increased with the participant's age, in much the same way as in Western children. However, many resolved the conflict through a different strategy from those of their Western counterparts. They made an inference regarding the newcomer's emotion, seriously took into consideration, and expressed preference to solve the problem through the three playing together. The role of social representation mediating culture effects on social behavior discussed.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1608K) -
鈴木 宏昭, 宮崎 美智子, 開 一夫2003 年 74 巻 4 号 p. 336-345
発行日: 2003/10/25
公開日: 2010/07/16
ジャーナル フリーIn this study, we explored individual differences in insight problem-solving. According to the dynamic constraint relaxation theory (Hiraki & Suzuki, 1998), there are three sources of individual differences in insight problemsolving: the initial strengths of constraints, the evaluation of problem-solving attempts, and the learning rate that updates the strength value of each constraint. In order to validate the theory's predictions, we compared the subjects who could solve a geometric insight problem within 10 minutes with those who could not. A microscopic analysis of the solution processes and rating task revealed that the initial strengths of the constraints and the adequacy of evaluation are different between the two, but their learning rates are not. These results suggest that insightful problem-solvers try non-standard attempts more often even in the initial phase of their problem-solving and evaluate their attempts more precisely. The results were discussed in contrast with other approaches to insight.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1940K) -
遠藤 信貴, 齋木 潤, 中尾 陽子, 齋藤 洋典2003 年 74 巻 4 号 p. 346-353
発行日: 2003/10/25
公開日: 2010/07/16
ジャーナル フリーPrevious studies of pattern psychophysics have suggested that a form property such as the number of turns and a structural property such as symmetry were useful cues for perceptual judgments of simple forms. However, it is necessary for complete descriptions of more complex forms to use hierarchical indices reflecting global and local characteristics. In this study, we clarified what geometrical properties contributed to complexity and similarity judgments of novel shapes, and examined differences between the two judgments, using Fourier descriptors as a form property, and symmetropy as a structural property. Global and local unevenness were derived from the amplitude of Fourier descriptors, and the hierarchical representation was found in both judgment data. Whereas complexity judgment was based on local unevenness and global symmetry, similarity judgment was, it was suggested, mainly based on global unevenness and symmetry. Moreover, it became clear that geometrical properties important for complexity data were a subset of those for similarity data. These results suggested that more dimensions in geometrical properties were necessary for similarity judgment than complexity judgment.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1577K) -
福川 康之, 中島 千織, 坪井 さとみ, 齊藤 伊都子, 小杉 正太郎, 下方 浩史2003 年 74 巻 4 号 p. 354-361
発行日: 2003/10/25
公開日: 2010/07/16
ジャーナル フリーThis study examined the short-term effects of shift work on mood changes. The subjects were 1608 Japanese female nurses, working on rotating 3-shift schedules consisted of day, evening, and night shift. Repeated measurements of six dimensions of mood and sleep hours in four consecutive days were analyzed. Prominent changes of subjective fatigue, activity and confusion were observed especially when shift changes occurred (e.g., day shift to night shift or night shift to evening shift). The changes of mood were contingent to those of sleep hours, which suggested the close association between them. However, the mood changes were observed even after adjusting for the effect of sleep hours, indicating that irregular sleep pattern is not the only cause that affects mood.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1526K) -
単語ユニットか, 命題ユニットか井関 龍太2003 年 74 巻 4 号 p. 362-371
発行日: 2003/10/25
公開日: 2010/07/16
ジャーナル フリーThis study investigated the unit of activation in on-line inferences. To explore whether the activation of inferences is a word-unit or a proposition-unit, a meaningfulness-decision task was devised as a priming measure. The task required participants to decide whether a series of short sentences was meaningful or not. The result of Experiment 1 suggested that only proposition-units were activated. A priming effect was observed in targets which described inferences both at word-level and proposition-level, but not in targets which described inferences at word-level only. In Experiment 2, a meaningfulness-decision task was administered to investigate word-based priming and to make sure that the result of Experiment 1 was not caused by characteristics of the task. In Experiment 3, a priming effect was found in targets which described inferences using alternative perspectives and words. These results suggest that the unit of activation in on-line inferences is proposition-units and that these activations relate to the proposition-semantic level, not the word or single-concept level.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1879K) -
SOA, 問題サイズ, 演算記号提示の効果の検討島田 英昭2003 年 74 巻 4 号 p. 372-378
発行日: 2003/10/25
公開日: 2010/07/16
ジャーナル フリーThe purpose of this study was to examine boundary conditions and time course in automatic activation of addition and multiplication facts. Utilizing a number-matching task in which subjects were required to verify whether a target had been presented in a previously viewed number pair, the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), problem size, and operator symbol were manipulated. As a result, products were rejected more slowly than unrelated numbers in all problem size conditions, but sums were rejected more slowlythan unrelated numbers only in small size condition, and this effect was not related to SOA and operator symbol. These results suggest that (a) automatic activation is restricted to small facts in addition, but not restricted in multiplication, (b) operator symbols have no effect on automatic activation, and (c) time course in automatic activation of addition facts does not differ from that of multiplication facts.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1391K) -
五十嵐 祐, 吉田 俊和2003 年 74 巻 4 号 p. 379-385
発行日: 2003/10/25
公開日: 2010/07/16
ジャーナル フリーThis longitudinal study investigated the extent to which the use of mobile phone text messages, including e-mail and short message service, affected freshmen's loneliness during the transition to college. A total of 83 freshmen completed measures of loneliness and social network at the beginning and end of their first semester. Perceived utility of mobile phone text messages was assessed at the beginning of the semester. Results showed that perceived functional usefulness and affiliation fulfillment of text messages affected formation of social network during the period. It was found that the higher the functional usefulness, the larger increase in the number of messages to college friends, and the higher the affiliation fulfillment, the less important the text messages to pre-college friends. Furthermore, it was noted that the more important the relationship with pre-college and college friends that was not dependent on text messages, and the fewer messages to pre-college friends, the less the loneliness. In contrast, greater importance of text messages to pre-college friends was associated with an increase in loneliness.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1173K)
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