In this review, we selected Klinke and Renn (2002), entitled “A new approach to risk evaluation and management: risk-based, precaution-based, and discourse-based strategies,” published in Risk Analysis, as the most influential article from a regulatory science perspective. In this review paper, we first summarize what the Klinke and Renn (2002) paper claimed, and then classify the topics by structural topic modeling in order to analyze in what fields the Klinke and Renn (2002) paper was cited. Representative references were extracted from each classified topic to further investigate in what context Klinke and Renn (2002) paper were cited. In addition, we also organized the citation status in literature other than journal papers. Through the analyses, we found the Klinke and Renn (2002) paper was cited in a wide variety of topics, including uncertainty and decision making, regulation, systems and decision making, communication, climate change, management, systems and evaluation, and infrastructure. The citations could be divided into four main categories: characteristics of risk, criteria for assessing risk, proposed risk classes, and risk governance frames. In particular, the discussion of risk governance frames proved to have a broad impact on cross disciplines.

With the purpose of evaluating the transmission risk of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and the effectiveness of countermeasures at school graduation and entrance ceremonies, this study examined various event conditions during an assumed ceremony attended by 865 participants, including singing, diploma conferment, and ceremonial address, and built an infection risk evaluation model that takes into account the effectiveness of countermeasures such as mask wearing during the ceremony. With the conditions assumed in this study, the average risk of infection per asymptomatic infected person attending a graduation ceremony was 4.0×10^-5 (0.035 for a graduation ceremony attended by 865 people) when no preventive measures such as wearing a mask were taken. The average risk of infection per asymptomatically infected person attending an entrance ceremony with the same conditions mentioned above was 1.2×10^-5 (0.010 for an entrance ceremony attended by 865 people) when no measures were taken, suggesting that the average risk of infection was higher at graduation ceremonies. In the graduation ceremony, the risk of infection when measures were taken to wear masks only during singing was 2.2×10^-5 (0.019 for a graduation ceremony attended by 865 people), and the average risk of infection among participants was reduced by about 45% when non-woven masks were worn during singing. Although the risk of infection at graduation and entrance ceremonies is low even without any countermeasures, a combination of various countermeasures will be effective if the infection rate in the community increases.

In Japan, about 300,000 traffic accidents with injuries occur each year. Although 40% of these accidents occur at intersections, most prefectural police surveys of “dangerous intersections” only counted the number of accidents at large intersections until 2021. This report describes the background of the Asahi Shimbun’s “Invisible Intersection” report, which triggered the police to count the number of accidents at small intersections without intersection names.