Cognitive Dysfunction and Behavioral Disorders after Brain Damage…Sumio ISHIAI 771

Cognitive Dysfunction Caused by Cerebral Hemorrhage…Shinichiro MAESHIMA, Sayaka OKAMOTO, Hideto OKAZAKI, Shigeru SONODA 774

Managing Higher Brain Dysfunction Caused by Cerebral Infarction…Takashi HIRAOKA 778

Cognitive Dysfunction due to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage…Aiko OSAWA 782

Higher Cortical Dysfunction Following Encephalitis or Encephalopathy…Tetsuya OKAZAKI 787

Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury…Shu WATANABE 790

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We performed a prospective study to determine whether the walking pattern of children with flatfoot can be influenced by using shoes and custom-modeled insoles. One hundred and thirty-two children (mean age ; 4.20±2.53) who had been referred by a physiatrist, and who were diagnosed with flatfoot at the brace clinic in our institute, were assigned to three groups : The first group was asked to walk barefoot, the second one to walk with shoes without insoles and the last one to walk with shoes with insoles. We measured walking speed, cadence, step length, step width, the duration of right and left stance phases, both double-limb stance phases, both swing phases, walking angle, and toe angle using a 2.4 m sheet-type Gait Analyzer, the Walk Way MW-1000 ^TM, at the individual's self-selected speed. Compared with the barefoot group, a significant increase was observed in the group using shoes with custom-modeled insoles in both walking speed and step length on both sides, and there were reductions in swing phase and walking angle on both sides (paired t-test ; p<0.002).

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Twister orthoses are used to correct in-toeing and out-toeing, and consist of a pelvic band, a twister cable, and an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). The twister cable is made of spiral coiled springs and connects the pelvic band with the AFO. Twister orthoses are used for children with lower limb paralysis who in many cases present with a rotation deformity of the hip joint ; however, their use in adults has not yet been reported. We report our experience treating two cases of adult poststroke hemiplegic patients whose gait ability was improved by using twister orthoses.

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Dead body science has tried to clarify the functional-morphological evolution of the mammals including the human. It fundamentally consists of the unrestricted collection of the dead bodies of the vertebrates, for example, from the zoos, aquaria, and from hunters. We show the results of the three-dimensional analysis about the manipulation mechanism in the giant panda, the enlarged eye and orbit in the Baikal seal, and the mastication system in the giant anteater. The findings actually contribute to the comparative functional-morphology of various mammals, and in the future the stored specimens after the dissection in natural history museum will continue to serve as an evidence of the evolutionary history of form and function in mammals.

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