As a continuation of the author's previous study by light microscopic observation (which had reported as part I article), further study was made by electron microscopic observation to estimate the injurious effects of SO₂ of low concentration on the respiratory system.
The d-d strain mice were continuously exposed to the concentration of SO₂ (0.23ppm) for period of 3 months, using the same apparatus with the same procedure as described in the part one report.
Following results were obtained:
1) In the tracheal epithelia of SO₂ exposed mice, enlargement and an increase in the number of vesicles in both ciliated and nonciliated cells were observed.
2) In the respiratory tract of SO₂ exposed mice, ciliated and nonciliated cells of the bronchus, clara cells of the terminal bronchiole, alveolar cells and capillary endothelial cells did not show any significant changes.
From these results obtained by electron microscopic observation, one can say that continuous exposure of SO₂ of low concentration produces slight changes in ciliated and nonciliated cells of tracheal epithelium only, and there is no significant changes in the other lower respiratory tract and the alveolus.
These changes observed in the tracheal epithelia were considered a feature of hypersecretion due to the irritative effects of SO₂ or H₂SO₃.

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A trial was made of a quantitative description of the pathological findings in asthmatics by measuring bronchial specimens obtained from autopsy cases in 21 asthmatics, 17 controls and 4 others.
Bronchoconstrictive features such as hypertrophy of smooth muscle, the fold-like prominence of mucous membrane, and narrowing of lumina were shown in the muscle thickness radio (the muscle/the wall thickness), the diminished bronchial lumina ratio (the observed lumina space/the expected space), the wall thickness ratio (the outer diameter of bronchus minus the inner diameter/the outer diameter) and the prominence ratio of mucous membrane (prominent part/Hollow part). The hypertrophy of bronchial glands was also shown in the gland thickness radio (the gland/the wall thickness according to Reid) and the thickness of the bronchial basement membrane in micron.
The muscle thickness ratio in the cases where death occurred during the asthmatic attack was signficantly higher than that of the other autopsy cases. The diminished bronchial lumina ratio, the wall thickness ratio, the prominence ratio in the cases where death occurred during the asthmatic attack were significantly higher than that of the other autopsy cases. The gland thickness ratio in the asthmatics was significantly higher than in the others. The bronchial basement membrane was more significantly thickened in the asthmatics, whether death occurred during the attack or not, than in the non-asthmatics.
This study permitted a quantitative description of the features of the broncho-constriction, mucous hypersecretion and the thickness of the bronchial basement membrane which were regarded as important pathological findings in asthma.

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Prostaglandin (PG) E₁ induces relaxation of the guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle in vitro, while PGF_2α induces contraction. The opposite effects of these two series of PGs were studied under continuous infusion of neostigmine bromide and by varying the mixture ratios of PGE₁ and PGF_2α. Guinea pig trachea strips were removed and suspended isotonically in a tissue bioassay system superfused with Krebs Hensleit solution. Under continuous infusion of neostigmine bromide (500ng/ml), PGF_2α had the opposite effect of relaxing guinea pig trachea strips, but the degree of relaxation decreased as the dosage increased. Under continuous infusion of various mixture ratios PGF_2α and PGE₁ (5ng/ml), serotonine, acetylcholine and histamine (50ng/ml) were found to show the greatest contraction at a mixture ratio of 9:1 PGF₂ and PGE₁. Neither PGF_2α nor PGE₁ by themselves showed any contraction or relaxation at a concentration of 5ng/ml. The strongest contraction was obtained by a 50ng/ml mixture of PGF_2α and PGE₁. Under continuous infusion of neostigmine bromide (500ng/ml) mixtures of PGF_2α and PGE₁ brought about relaxation of the tracheal smooth muscle, and the degree of relaxation was smallest with mixture ratios of 9:1 and 7:3 PGF_2α:PGE₁.
These results suggest that bronchoconstriction occurs most predominantly with mixtures of PGF_2α and PGE₁ at a ratio of 9:1 7:3.

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Adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) has been implicated as a controlling agent in a number of processes which govern lung function. Increases in cAMP have been associated with tracheal smooth muscle relaxation and decreases with the immunological release of histamine from human lung.
The tracheal tissues were suspended in a tissue bioassay system superfused with Krebs-Hensleit solution, 37°C, constantly perfused with a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide (95:5, v/v). Contractions and relaxations were recorded with isotonic transducer (ME Commercial, Tokyo, Japan) and with polyrecorder (Rikadenki, Tokyo, Japan).
1) Cyclic AMP (50μg/ml) induced contraction of trachea, while dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP) (50μg/ml) and ATP (50μg/ml) induced relaxation.
2) With continuous infusion of neostigmine bromide (500μg/ml), cAMP, DBcAMP and ATP all induced relaxations of guinea-pig trachea at the concentration of 50μg/ml, and relaxations became bigger with increasing their concentration up to 500μg/ml.
3) DBcAMP showed higher relaxation than cAMP at the concentration of 50μg/ml (p<0.05), and this difference became much greater at the concentration of 500μg/ml (p<0.001).
4) The relaxation of guinea-pig trachea by ATP was different from those by the other two agents in that it was always accompanied by small initial contraction, with or without the presence of neostigmine bromide. Moreover, relaxation by ATP was much stronger than that by DBcAMP; ATP (50μg/ml) induced greater relaxation than DBcAMP (500μg/ml) (p<0.001).

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The patient, a 28-year-old male, was found to have an abnormal shadow in the left lung when he visited a physician complaining of lumbago and back pain. He had fractured his right lower leg three months previously. Chest X-ray revealed a well-defined nodular lesion 2.5×1.5cm in size in the left lower lung field, which decreased to 2.0×1.0cm after one month. At the time of admission no pathological results were obtained in various examinations, however we performed partial resection in order to clarify the origin of the lesion, which was diagnosed as post-traumatic intrapulmonary hematoma.

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30歳男, 胸部X線写真上右上部縦隔腫瘍を思わせるような, 大動脈より直接分岐した2本の拡張屈曲した動脈と胸壁の静脈との間に生じた先天性縦隔動静脈瘻の1症例を供覧した.
本例は偶然の機会に発見され, 自覚症はなく, 動脈血O₂飽和度も正常である. 併せて胸部動静脈瘻の分類を試み, 小循環を含まない先天性胸壁縦隔動静脈瘻の症例を検討した.

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