The incidences of the middle cervical and the vertebral ganglia and their sizes were investigated bilaterally during dissection of 18 cadavers. Furthermore, the positional relations of each ganglion to the vertebral column, the point Tentotsu, the anterior tubercle of the sixth cervical (C₆) vertebra, and the cricoid cartilage were investigated along with the relations of the anterior tubercle of the C₆ vertebra to the point Tentotsu and the cricoid cartilage. The middle cervical ganglion was 14, 4 and 2mm in average length, width and thickness, respectively, on the right, and on the left these values were 14, 5 and 2mm. The ganglion was found in about half the cases, and it was located at about the level of the cricoid cartilage and close laterally and above to the anterior tubercle of the C₆ vertebra. In the cases lacking the middle cervical ganglion, the sympathetic trunk passed immediately medial to the tubercle. The vertebral ganglion was found in almost all cases, with its mean size 8, 5 and 3mm on the right and 9, 5 and 2mm on the left in lenght, width and thickness, respectively. The ganglion was included in many cases within a range 15 to 30mm lateral and 20 (the left) or 25 (the right) to 45mm above the point Tentotsu, and it lay at the level of the C₇ vertebra. The anterior tubercle of the C₆ vertebra was within a range 20 to 30mm lateral to that point, and in the upper to lower direction, it lay at the level slightly upper than the cricoid cartilage in the male and at about the level of the cartilage in the female.

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The relation of needles inserted to the points of the posterior neck with the anatomical structures was investigated with dissection of four cadavers. The points investigated here are the five points of “Amon”, “Tenchuu”, “Fuuchi”, “Kankotsu”, and “Eifu”. The needles inserted to the respective points of the former three were found to penetrate the posterior atlantooccipital membrane and then the dura mater, and finally to reach the medulla oblongata. The depth from the inserted spots on the surface of the skin to the dura mater are 50, 51, and 49mm in the Amon, Tenchuu, and Fuuchi, respectively, in a cadaver with 39.1cm of circumference of the neck. Furthermore, it was found that the vertebral, the occipital, and the external carotid and the maxillar arteries were penetrated by or located near the needles which were inserted to the Fuuchi, Kankotsu, and Eifu, respectively.

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The positional relation between the dorsal sacral foramina and a needle inserted in the point “T, ze-Liao” according to the method of Takenouchi-Hamazoe, and the projection positions of the respective foramina to the body surface were anatomically and bilaterally examined using fifteen cadavers. The results were as follows. (1) The needles inserted in the point “T, ze-Liao” missed the second dorsal sacral foramen caudally or latero-caudally in many cases. (2) In the mediolateral direction, the first to fourth dorsal sacral foramina were located in the middle zone between the dorsal median line and the posterior superior iliac spine. (3) In the rostro-caudal direction, the first dorsal sacral foramen were, approximately located at the same level as that of the posterior superior iliac spine. The second to fourth foramina corresponded to three points which divided the rostro-caudal distance between the posterior superior iliac spine and the sacral cornua equally into four.

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The projection region of the dome of the pleura to the surface of the anterior neck was investigated in 31 domes of 17 cadavers. The point “Tentotsu”, and a line connecting that point and the most lateral edge of the acromion were adopted for a basis of measurement of the projection region. The mean length of the Tentotsu-Acromion line was 185mm on either side of the body. Its upward angle to the horizontal plane was 22° and 23° in average on the right and left sides, respectively, while its backward angle to the frontal plane was 23° on the right and 25° on the left. The right pleural domes (17 cases) were included within a range 0-58mm lateral to the Tentotsu and lower than 44mm above, and on the left side (14 cases), these values were 5-58mm and 49mm, respectively. On the other hand, when adopting the Tentotsu-Acromion line as the basis, the pleural domes were located within the medial one-third of the line. Their summits lay on the point of its medial one-fourth in medio-lateral direction, and were situated at levels lower than about 35 (on the right) or 32mm (on the left) above the line.

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The lower one-third point of a line connecting the posterior superior iliac spine and the middle of the lower margin of the ischial tuberosity is used as the acupuncture point to the pudendal nerve. The present study anatomically examined the positional relation between a needle inserted in the acupuncture point and the pudendal nerve as well as examined the projection region of the nerve to the body surface, using the bilateral pudendal nerves of 18 Japanese cadavers.
The needle inseted in the acupuncture point to the pudendal nerve missed the nerve caudally or laterocaudally in many cases, but with twelve cases directly pricking the caudal portion of the nerve. The pudendal nerve lying on the sacrospinous ligament was projected just on or lateral to a line connecting the posterior superior iliac spine and the medial edge of the lower margin of the ischial tuberosity, and in rostro-caudal direction the pudendal nerve was situated in a range 50 to 60% from the top of that line. The height of the sacral cornua corresponded to that of the rostral half of the pudendal nerve lying on the sacrospinous ligament or that more rostral than the rostral tip of the nerve, and the height of the lower tip of the coccyx corresponded to that more caudal than the caudal tip of the nerve.

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In order to determine acupuncture point locations, basic points are used as indicators and a standard local scale expressed. In the classic text SENKINPO the individual finger can is described as an easy method for determining a standard local scale. To determine whether the can explained in the original text where 7 SHAKU 5 CUN is used as a standard for the body height, and the individual finger can measurements taken on the middle fingers and thumb correspond, we measured the height and bilateral middle finger and thumb lengths of a mixed group of 242 male and female subjects. Following are our results:
1. On male and female adults both left and right middle finger can measurements corresponded well. Results with school age children were similar however correlation was not as favorable as with adults.
2. Correlation with thumb can measurements was not good.
3. Classics state that for males the left hand is to be used, for females the right hand. In the adult group which showed high correlation these were compared however no significant differences between sexes was proven.
4. We compared the adult middle finger can with the body height however the local scale which varies individually also varles with the length of various parts of the body. It was shown however to be useful in point localization in precise short areas.

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In order to obtain an international standarization of acupuncture point localization it is necessary to first establish a standard local scale. In original texts the body height is given as 75 cun and the anterior and lateral lengths of each part of the body are indicated. This research required a standard local scale for the thigh area however this is divided into medial and lateral sides. On the medial side the scale is determined as 18 cun measured from the superior ridge of the pubic symphysis to the superior ridge of the medial epicondyle of the femur. However if this is not changed to the knee joint split line it is difficult to divide it into acupuncture points. Actual measurement tp the knee joint split was calculated at 20 cun. The standard scale for the lateral thigh measured from the hip joint to the knee joint split line in indicated at 19 cun however considering the fact that the hip joint cannot be located on the surface of the body through palpation we used X-ray to determine the inferior ridge of the anterior-superior iliac spine as a point which could be located on the surface of the body through touch. Recalculating then we determined the length from the inferior ridge of the anterior-superior iliac spine to the split line of the knee joint equivalent to 20 cun.
Although the standard medial and lateral scale is of different lengths we indicated the same scale. By proportionally distributing the acupuncture points between standard points it is possible to determine point locations.

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In previous report, we investigated temperature-changes in vivo with diathermic moxibustions (scarring moxibustions), and showed that the temperature in the subcutaneous layer rised over 50°C. In present study, it was recognized that indirect moxibustions (ginger or garlic moxibustions) kept longer high-temperature than those of diathermic moxibustions. Therefore, it is possible that indirect moxibustions, although it seemed to be weakly stimulation, have stronger stimulation than diathermic moxibustions. In addition, the temperature-changes in vivo with indirect moxibustion seemed to be influenced by water contents of materials for indirect moxibustion and organism skin.

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The specificity of Jin-yu needling for urinary secretion was studied.
1); 15 healthy adult men were subjected to this experiment. After drinking water (500ml), acupuncture needles (No. 2 Seirin Co. Limited) were perpendiculary inserted to the jin-yu point depth of about 2cm, and left there for 10 minutes. The blood samples were collected at 60 minutes after drinking water, and urine volume and amount of Na, K, Cl, BUN, UA and Cre were measured.
As a result, a marked increase was observed in excretion of urine, UA, Cre, K and creatinine clearance. An upward tendency of Na, Cl and BUN excretion were found and it is correlated with urine volume.
2); Subjects were 11 healthy adult men. The group of acupuncture stimulation was divided as follows; a) a group, acupuncture needles were inserted at Jin-yu point [B-23], b) kyouseki point, c) sisitu point [B-52], d) daityou-yu point [B-25], e) I-yu point [B-21] and f) untreated contorol group. Urine were collected at 60 minutes after drinking water (500ml).
As a result, a significant increase of urine volume was observed in the group of stimulation at Jin-yu, Kyouseki, and Sisitu point (p<0.05).
Finally, it was suggested that the increase of urine volume was caused by a somato-visceral reflex.

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[in Japanese]

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The effect of irradiation with low power He-Ne laser on wound healing was studied. 42 wister rats were subjected to this experiment.
A open wound, 20mm in diameter as deep as muscle layer were made on the back of anesthetized animals.
To find the suitable energy density of laser irradiation, the wound was irradiated with He-Ne laser by energy density of 4J/cm² or 10J/cm² every other day until the wound completely healed. The wound healing was much more accelerated by irradiation with energy density of 4J/cm² than that of 10J/cm² and none-irradiated contorol group.
To find the suitable interval of laser irradiation, the wound was irradiated every other days, every 4 days or every other days in early stage until the wound completely healed. From this study, the wound healing was much more acceralated by irradiation at every other days than the others.
This result suggested that laser irradiation with energy density 4J/cm² at every other days is most effective for wound healing.

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It is said that the R-R interval on an ECG, showing the period of the cardiac cycle, reflects the activity of the vagus.
In this paper, the changes in the R-R interval brought by acupuncture and moxibustion were investigated by using Ximen (P-4) and Shenmen (H-7).
In the case of acupuncture and/or moxibustion to Ximen as well as Shenmen, the prolonged R-R interval was noted, while the increased coefficient of alteration of R-R interval was showed in the case of acupuncture. The coefficient of the alteration showed a decrease, however, in the case of moxibustion to Shenmen. Remarkable reduction in the coefficient of the alteration were observed immediately after acupuncture to Ximen under administration of atropine, but moxibustion did not produce any remarkable fluctuations. On the other hand, acupuncture to Ximen under administration of propranolol produced no remarkable fluctuation, while moxibustion brought an increased coefficient of the alteration.
The results suggested that there were considerable variations in the influence on the autonomic nervous system which participated with the cardiac rhythm by different stimulation to the same meridian point.

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